A range of partial top full bottom electrodes are used to explore the use of bi-polar Polarisation-Electric field (P–E) measurements to quantify recoverable energy (W_rec), energy loss (W_loss) and the efficiency (η) of ferroelectric BaTiO₃ ceramics. The values obtained are dependent on the ratio of sample thickness (S) and top contact radius (r). With increasing S/r from 0.17 to 1.96 the P–E responses become increasingly distorted and broader. Measurements show W_rec increases by a factor of ∼1.4 but W_loss increases by a factor of ∼7 with η decreasing from ∼29% to 8%. Finite element modelling was used to simulate the experimental set-up of the sample/electrode arrangements using the Jiles-Atherton model to replicate the ferroelectric behaviour of BaTiO₃. These models demonstrate the experimentally applied electric field using a simple geometric correction for sample thickness is an underestimation of the actual field experienced by the material under the top contact at high S/r values. We stress the importance of reporting the contact sizes and thicknesses of samples when using P–E measurements to assess W_rec, W_loss and η in non-linear dielectric materials. This will allow a fairer comparison of performances between various types of materials being considered for high-energy-density ceramic capacitors.

中文翻译：

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电极接触排列对铁电陶瓷极化-电场测量的影响：BaTiO3 的案例研究


一系列部分顶部全底部电极用于探索双极化-电场 （P-E） 测量的使用，以量化铁电 BaTiO₃ 陶瓷的可恢复能量 （W_rec）、能量损失 （W_loss） 和效率 （η）。获得的值取决于样品厚度 （S） 和顶部接触半径 （r） 的比率。随着 S/r 从 0.17 增加到 1.96，P-E 响应变得越来越扭曲和更广泛。测量显示 W_rec 增加了 ∼ 1.4 倍，但 W_损失增加了 ∼ 7 倍，η从 ∼ 29% 下降到 8%。有限元建模用于模拟样品/电极排列的实验设置，使用 Jiles-Atherton 模型复制 BaTiO₃ 的铁电行为。这些模型表明，使用简单的样品厚度几何校正来实验施加的电场低估了材料在高 S/r 值下所经历的实际电场。我们强调在使用 P-E 测量来评估非线性介电材料中的 W_rec、W_损耗和 η 时报告样品的接触尺寸和厚度的重要性。这将允许更公平地比较高能量密度陶瓷电容器考虑的各种类型的材料之间的性能。