Carboxylation stands out as one of the most versatile and viable routes for carbon dioxide fixation, a crucial chemical transformation essential for advancing capture technologies and fostering a sustainable industry. The carboxylic acids and derivatives produced through this process hold considerable interest for various sectors, including pharmaceuticals and polymers. Presently, most of these chemicals are derived from non-renewable resources, underscoring the imperative need to develop sustainable pathways for their synthesis. The inherent stability of the CO₂ molecule, owing to its high oxidation state and linear configuration, poses significant challenges for activation. Diverse approaches, including photochemical, electrochemical, enzymatic, and thermochemical carboxylation have been explored. While noteworthy results have been achieved with these methods, substantial efforts are still required to facilitate their scalability. This review provides a comprehensive overview of each of these routes, elucidating their respective strengths and weaknesses. Emphasis is placed on thermochemical routes, given their proximity to potential industrial-scale application.

中文翻译：

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用于化学品和单体可持续生产的羧化反应


羧化是二氧化碳固定最通用和最可行的途径之一，二氧化碳固定是推进捕获技术和培育可持续行业的关键化学转化。通过该工艺生产的羧酸及其衍生物在包括制药和聚合物在内的各个领域都引起了相当大的兴趣。目前，这些化学品中的大多数来自不可再生资源，这凸显了开发可持续合成途径的迫切需要。由于其高氧化态和线性构型，CO₂ 分子的固有稳定性对活化提出了重大挑战。已经探索了多种方法，包括光化学、电化学、酶促和热化学羧化。虽然这些方法已经取得了显著的结果，但仍需要付出大量努力来促进其可扩展性。这篇综述全面概述了这些途径中的每一种，阐明了它们各自的优缺点。鉴于热化学路线接近潜在的工业规模应用，因此重点放在它们上。