Human behavior is heavily influenced by social norms. But when and how do norms persist or change? Complementing work on the role of top-down factors in the enforcement of normative behavior (e.g., sanctioning systems, organizational culture, formal leadership, corrective actions), I introduce a model of bottom-up influences on norm development. I argue that the trajectories of social norms are shaped by behavioral responses of observers to emergent norm violations. Research on such responses can be categorized in three broad clusters that have distinct implications for norm development. Oppositional responses to norm violations (punishment, confrontation, gossip, whistleblowing, derogation, social exclusion, emotional condemnation) discourage future transgressions, thereby contributing to norm maintenance. Acquiescent responses (avoidance, tolerance) leave room for future violations, thereby contributing to norm erosion. Supportive responses (emulation, endorsement) encourage future deviance and facilitate the spreading of counternormative behavior, thereby catalyzing norm change. By linking micro-level norm violations to macro-level normative systems, this approach illuminates how norms are dynamically negotiated through social interaction.

中文翻译：

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自下而上对社会规范的影响：观察者对违规行为的反应如何推动规范维护与变革


人类行为深受社会规范的影响。但是，规范何时以及如何持续或改变呢？作为对自上而下的因素在规范行为执行中的作用（例如，制裁系统、组织文化、正式领导、纠正措施）的补充工作，我引入了一个自下而上影响规范发展的模型。我认为，社会规范的轨迹是由观察者对新出现的违反规范的行为反应所塑造的。对此类反应的研究可分为三大类，它们对规范制定具有不同的意义。对违反规范的对立反应（惩罚、对抗、八卦、告密、贬损、社会排斥、情感谴责）会阻止未来的违规行为，从而有助于规范的维护。默许的反应（回避、容忍）为未来的违规行为留下了空间，从而助长了规范的侵蚀。支持性反应（模仿、认可）鼓励未来的越轨行为并促进反规范行为的传播，从而催化规范变革。通过将微观层面的规范违反与宏观层面的规范系统联系起来，这种方法阐明了规范是如何通过社会互动动态协商的。