Known as the “Holocene temperature conundrum,” controversy remains between paleoclimate reconstructions indicating cooling during the late-Holocene versus model simulations indicating warming. Here, we present a composite Holocene winter temperature index record derived from East Asian winter monsoon (EAWM) reconstructions. This new temperature index record documents a thermal maximum occurring during the mid-Holocene, followed by a cooling trend. Along with other Holocene winter temperature reconstructions, these findings collectively indicate a cooling trend during the late-Holocene, consistent with global annual average temperature reconstructions. Notably, our composite dust records and dust sensitivity simulations identified enhanced global aeolian dust, which has been overlooked in previous model simulations, as a likely driver of the cooling trend throughout the mid- to late-Holocene. Our new evidence does not support the current seasonal bias explanation of the Holocene temperature controversy, but instead suggests potential mechanisms that could help explain the differences between temperatures inferred from models and paleo-reconstructions in the past.

中文翻译：

---

全球沙尘增强抵消了全新世中晚期的温室气体变暖


被称为“全新世温度难题”，表明全新世晚期变冷的古气候重建与表明变暖的模型模拟之间仍然存在争议。在这里，我们提出了源自东亚冬季风 （EAWM） 重建的全新世冬季温度指数复合记录。这个新的温度指数记录记录了全新世中期出现的热最大值，然后是冷却趋势。与其他全新世冬季温度重建一起，这些发现共同表明全新世晚期的冷却趋势，与全球年平均温度重建一致。值得注意的是，我们的复合尘埃记录和尘埃敏感性模拟确定了增强的全球风沙尘，这在以前的模型模拟中被忽视了，可能是整个全新世中晚期冷却趋势的驱动因素。我们的新证据不支持当前对全新世温度争议的季节性偏差解释，而是提出了可能有助于解释从模型和过去古重建中推断的温度之间差异的潜在机制。