Mongolia, a major world-class site of Cenozoic intracontinental tectonics, provides a key proxy for the long-term dynamics of Eurasia, but there has been considerable debate about the principal driving forces responsible for the intracontinental deformation. Here, we show that the Cenozoic tectonic development of Mongolia and surrounding regions was largely a consequence of the interaction of four factors: the India-Asia collision, extension of the Baikal Rift, lithosphere and mantle processes beneath the Khangay Dome, and Pacific subduction. The recent tectonic development of the Mongolian and Gobi Altay, the Gobi Tianshan Mountains, and western South Mongolia were controlled by the interplay of sinistral and dextral strike-slip faults that have formed since ∼5–8 Ma by intraplate transpression. The Khangay Mountains formed on a deep seated warm upwelling that was derived from >80 km depth in the upper mantle. Khangay consists of many Cenozoic basalts, the origin and evolution of which are linked to thinning of the lithosphere via upwelling of a mantle plume. The Khentey Mountains were slightly rejuvenated to form an arched uplift caused by final Cenozoic transpressional forces from the India-Asia collision, which overlap with the effects of Pacific subduction. The Cenozoic geology of East Mongolia has a weak inheritance from Mesozoic events related to the Pacific subduction. The Sayan-Khuvsgul mountainous region formed by NS-compression against stable Siberia at ca. 10 Ma. We propose that the latitudinal ranges of Tannu-Ola in Tuva, the Tsagaan Shuvuut and Khan Khukhey Ranges and the Uvs Basin in Mongolia are included in the South Sayan tectonic block, as they all formed as a result of intraplate movements derived from the India-Asia collision. The bulwark of the Tibetan plateau displaced atmospheric Hadley Cells northward and has acted as an orographic climate barrier against the Indian monsoon that led to aridification, lack of drainage, and to local internal erosion during the Cenozoic in Mongolia.

中文翻译：

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蒙古新生代大陆内构造及其气候影响综合综述


蒙古是世界级新生代大陆内构造的主要遗址，为欧亚大陆的长期动态提供了关键代理，但关于导致大陆内变形的主要驱动力一直存在相当大的争论。在这里，我们表明蒙古及其周边地区的新生代构造发展在很大程度上是四个因素相互作用的结果：印度-亚洲碰撞、贝加尔湖裂谷的延伸、Khangay Dome 下的岩石圈和地幔过程以及太平洋俯冲。蒙古和戈壁阿勒泰、戈壁天山和南蒙古西部最近的构造发展受到自 ∼5-8 马 以来由板内压压形成的正弦和右旋走滑断层相互作用的控制。Khangay 山脉形成于深层温暖的上升流上，该上升流源自上地幔深度 >80 公里。Khangay 由许多新生代玄武岩组成，其起源和演化与通过地幔羽流上升流导致岩石圈变薄有关。肯特山脉略微恢复活力，形成一个拱形隆起，这是由印亚碰撞产生的最终新生代跨压力引起的，这与太平洋俯冲的影响重叠。东蒙古新生代地质与太平洋俯冲相关的中生代事件具有较弱的遗传性。Sayan-Khuvsgul 山区在大约 10 马 时由 NS 压缩对稳定的西伯利亚形成。我们提出，图瓦的 Tannu-Ola、Tsagaan Shuvuut 和 Khan Khukhey 山脉以及蒙古的 Uvs 盆地的纬度范围都包含在南萨彦构造块中，因为它们都是由于印度-亚洲碰撞引起的板块内运动而形成的。 青藏高原的堡垒将大气中的哈德莱环流向北移动，并作为地形气候屏障抵御了印度季风，导致蒙古新生代干旱化、排水缺乏和局部内部侵蚀。