Studies of rainfall usually focus on the total amount precipitating throughout a certain period. Compared to rain rates associated with extreme events, the rain rates associated with the most frequent events is understudied. In this study, the characteristics of daily precipitation in India are explored using two metrics − rain frequency peak (the most frequent non-zero rain rate) and rain amount peak (the rain rate at which the most amount of rain falls). These metrics are computed over India using local and global datasets to investigate the characteristics of typical daily precipitation accumulations. These values are sensitive to the dataset used for this analysis since the temporal and spatial resolution of the rainfall data will influence the rain frequency peak and rain amount peak. Our study reveals the rain frequency peak is highest during the summer monsoon, while the winter season exhibits lower values, particularly at higher latitudes. Similarly, the rain amount distribution indicates dominance of heavy rain rates during the monsoon and post-monsoon seasons, leading to high total precipitation. The maximum rain frequency peak for any region in India reaches up to a value of 35 mm/day while the maximum rain amount peak reaches up to a value as high as 90 mm/day. These metrics would be useful in systematically evaluating typical daily precipitation in regional climate models and assessing downstream impacts of uneven precipitation such as lower crop yields, flood-drought alterations, and fluctuating water availability.

中文翻译：

---

印度降雨频率和降雨量的不对称分布


对降雨量的研究通常关注特定时期内的降水总量。与与极端事件相关的降雨率相比，与最频繁事件相关的降雨率尚未得到充分研究。在这项研究中，使用两个指标探讨了印度每日降水的特征：降雨频率峰值（最常见的非零降雨率）和降雨量峰值（降雨量最大的降雨率）。这些指标是使用当地和全球数据集在印度计算得出的，以调查典型日降水量积累的特征。这些值对用于此分析的数据集很敏感，因为降雨数据的时间和空间分辨率将影响降雨频率峰值和降雨量峰值。我们的研究表明，降雨频率峰值在夏季季风期间最高，而冬季则表现出较低的值，特别是在高纬度地区。同样，降雨量分布表明季风季节和季风后季节暴雨率占主导地位，导致总降水量较高。印度任何地区的最大降雨频率峰值可达35毫米/天，最大降雨量峰值可达90毫米/天。这些指标将有助于系统地评估区域气候模型中的典型日降水量，并评估降水不均匀对下游的影响，例如作物产量下降、洪涝变化和水资源供应波动。