Anthropogenic climate change poses a significant threat to global ecosystems, necessitating nature-based solutions to achieve net-zero emissions and mitigate climate change. Restoration of degraded ecosystems is critical for terrestrial carbon dioxide removal (TCDR), in addition to preserving biodiversity and reducing emissions of carbon and other greenhouse gases. However, the quantitative estimation of TCDR from ecosystem restoration remains uncertain, especially for future projections, because most of these estimates are based on static conditions and do not consider the dynamic trajectories of restoration. Therefore, our paper presents a comprehensive review of current TCDR research and the dynamic trajectory of restoration for TCDR. First, we outline four main theoretical trajectories of ecosystem carbon changes during restoration, emphasizing that the primary goal of TCDR through ecosystem restoration is to increase net primary productivity and extend the residence time of ecosystem carbon. Second, we showcase representative TCDR trajectories in different ecosystems through case studies, emphasizing the importance of understanding the long-term dynamic trajectory of ecological restoration by considering variations among ecosystems, restoration methods, and plant biodiversity. Third, we comprehensively reviewed the potentials and the associated uncertainties in TCDR, including different restoration actions, biological regulations, and environmental changes. To accurately predict TCDR from ecosystem restoration, accounting for these factors and using appropriate trajectory equations in models is essential. In conclusion, our work advocates for a future research focus on quantifying TCDR by considering the dynamic trajectory of ecosystem restoration to improve the accuracy of TCDR assessment and prediction, thereby significantly benefiting climate change mitigation efforts.

中文翻译：

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陆地生态系统恢复中二氧化碳去除的动态轨迹：批判性综述


人为气候变化对全球生态系统构成重大威胁，需要基于自然的解决方案来实现净零排放并缓解气候变化。除了保护生物多样性和减少碳和其他温室气体的排放外，恢复退化的生态系统对于陆地二氧化碳去除 （TCDR） 也至关重要。然而，生态系统恢复对 TCDR 的定量估计仍然不确定，特别是对于未来的预测，因为这些估计中的大多数是基于静态条件的，没有考虑恢复的动态轨迹。因此，本文对当前的 TCDR 研究和 TCDR 恢复的动态轨迹进行了全面回顾。首先，我们概述了生态系统恢复过程中碳变化的四个主要理论轨迹，强调通过生态系统恢复进行 TCDR 的主要目标是提高净初级生产力并延长生态系统碳的停留时间。其次，我们通过案例研究展示了不同生态系统中具有代表性的 TCDR 轨迹，强调了通过考虑生态系统、恢复方法和植物生物多样性之间的差异来理解生态恢复的长期动态轨迹的重要性。第三，我们全面回顾了 TCDR 的潜力和相关不确定性，包括不同的恢复行动、生物法规和环境变化。为了从生态系统恢复中准确预测 TCDR，必须考虑这些因素并在模型中使用适当的轨迹方程。 总之，我们的工作主张未来的研究重点是通过考虑生态系统恢复的动态轨迹来量化 TCDR，以提高 TCDR 评估和预测的准确性，从而显着有利于气候变化缓解工作。