Based on the analysis of one-week GPS-based travel diary data from the four largest metropolitan areas in California, this study performs a latent-class cluster analysis and identifies four distinctive traveler groups with varying levels of multimodality. These groups are characterized by their distinctive use of five travel modes (i.e., single-occupant vehicles, carpooling, public transit, biking, and walking) for both work and non-work trips. Two of these groups are more car-oriented and less multimodal (i.e., drive-alone users and carpoolers), whereas the other two are less car-oriented and display higher levels of multimodality (i.e., transit users and cyclists). Results from this study reveal the unique profiles of each traveler group in terms of their sociodemographic characteristics and built-environment attributes. The study further investigates the different characteristics of each traveler group in relation to ridehailing adoption, trip frequency and trip attributes. Transit users are found to have the highest rate of ridehailing adoption and usage. They are also more prone to use pooled ridehailing services in comparison to other groups. In terms of mode substitution, if ridehailing were not available, respondents tend to choose the mode they use most frequently. In other words, car-based travelers are more likely to substitute ridehailing trips with car trips, whereas non-car-based travelers are more likely to replace ridehailing with less-polluting modes. The findings from this study will prove valuable for transit agencies and policymakers interested in integrating ridehailing with other modes and promoting more multimodal and less car-dependent lifestyles.

中文翻译：

---

网约车使用、出行模式和多模式：加利福尼亚为期一周的基于 GPS 的旅行日记的潜在类聚类分析


基于对来自加利福尼亚州四个最大大都市区的为期一周的基于 GPS 的旅行日记数据的分析，本研究进行了潜在类聚类分析，并确定了具有不同多态水平的四个不同的旅行者群体。这些群体的特点是他们在工作和非工作旅行中独特地使用五种出行方式（即单人车辆、拼车、公共交通、骑自行车和步行）。其中两个群体更注重汽车，多式联运较少（即独行用户和拼车者），而另外两个群体较少以汽车为导向，表现出更高水平的多式联运（即公交用户和骑自行车者）。这项研究的结果揭示了每个旅行者群体在社会人口特征和建筑环境属性方面的独特特征。该研究进一步调查了每个旅行者群体在网约车采用率、出行频率和出行属性方面的不同特征。发现 Transit 用户的网约车采用率和使用率最高。与其他群体相比，他们也更容易使用拼车服务。在模式替代方面，如果网约车不可用，受访者倾向于选择他们最常使用的模式。换句话说，开车的旅行者更有可能用汽车旅行代替网约车旅行，而非汽车旅行者更有可能用污染较少的出行方式代替网约车。这项研究的结果将证明，对于有兴趣将网约车与其他模式整合并促进更多多式联运和更少依赖汽车的生活方式的交通机构和政策制定者来说，这将是有价值的。