Depleting fossil energy sources and conventional polluting power generation pose a threat to sustainable development. Hydroelectricity generation from ubiquitous and spontaneous phase transitions between liquid and gaseous water has been considered a promising strategy for mitigating the energy crisis. Fibrous materials with unique flexibility, processability, multifunctionality, and practicability have been widely applied for fibrous materials-based hydroelectricity generation (FHG). In this review, the power generation mechanisms, design principles, and electricity enhancement factors of FHG are first introduced. Then, the fabrication strategies and characteristics of varied constructions including 1D fiber, 1D yarn, 2D fabric, 2D membrane, 3D fibrous framework, and 3D fibrous gel are demonstrated. Afterward, the advanced functions of FHG during water harvesting, proton dissociation, ion separation, and charge accumulation processes are analyzed in detail. Moreover, the potential applications including power supply, energy storage, electrical sensor, and information expression are also discussed. Finally, some existing challenges are considered and prospects for future development are sincerely proposed.

化石能源的枯竭和传统污染发电对可持续发展构成威胁。利用液态水和气态水之间普遍存在的自发相变进行水力发电被认为是缓解能源危机的一种有前途的策略。纤维材料具有独特的柔韧性、加工性、多功能性和实用性，已广泛应用于纤维材料水力发电（FHG）。本文首先介绍了FHG的发电机理、设计原理和电力增强因素。然后，展示了包括 1D 纤维、1D 纱线、2D 织物、2D 膜、3D 纤维框架和 3D 纤维凝胶在内的各种结构的制造策略和特性。随后，详细分析了FHG在集水、质子解离、离子分离和电荷积累过程中的高级功能。此外，还讨论了电源、储能、电气传感器和信息表达等潜在应用。最后，考虑了现有的一些挑战并真诚地提出了未来的发展前景。