Insecticide risk assessment for biological control agents is essential for implementing integrated pest management (IPM) programs. Spinetoram is a naturally derived insecticide used to control a variety of agricultural sap-sucking insect pests, and Encarsia formosa Gahan (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) plays a key role in the biocontrol of greenhouse whiteflies. Despite its presumed safe ecotoxicological profile, the side effects of spinetoram on E. formosa are partially unknown, especially at sublethal doses. In the laboratory, we estimated the lethal concentrations (LC) of spinetoram on E. formosa by topical exposure of pupae and 48 h residual contact exposure of emerged adults. Afterwards, we assessed the impact of spinetoram LCs on the life history traits (juvenile development, adult longevity, parasitism, adult emergence) and population growth parameter (the instantaneous rate of increase, r_i) of the parasitoid.

中文翻译：

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半合成杀虫剂 Spinetoram 对粉虱寄生虫 Encarsia formosa 的副作用


生物防治剂的杀虫剂风险评估对于实施综合害虫管理 （IPM） 计划至关重要。Spinetoram 是一种天然衍生的杀虫剂，用于控制各种农业吸汁害虫，Encarsia formosa Gahan（膜翅目：Aphelinidae）在温室粉虱的生物防治中起着关键作用。尽管其假定的生态毒理学特征是安全的，但 Spinetoram 对 E 的副作用。福尔摩沙部分未知，尤其是在亚致死剂量下。在实验室中，我们通过蛹的局部暴露和已出现成虫的 48 小时残余接触暴露来估计 spinetoram 对 E. formosa 的致死浓度 （LC）。之后，我们评估了 spinetoram LCs 对寄生虫生活史特征 （幼年发育、成虫长寿、寄生、成虫出现） 和种群增长参数 （瞬时增长率，r） 的影响。