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• The Business of Conquest: Empire, Love, and Law in the Atlantic World by Nicole D. Legnani
• Ruth Hill

ATLANTIC (OR TRANSATLANTIC OR CIRCUMATLANTIC) studies has experienced such enormous growth in the past two decades that it is harder and harder to identify unasked questions or interrogate paradigms inherited from previous decades of scholarship. Much to her credit, though, Legnani has successfully found her footing within this segment of area studies by examining understudied intersections of empire, Catholicism, exploration, romance, and trade. The Business of Conquest is an intensely researched and theoretically nimble contribution to our knowledge of the Hispanic transatlantic world. Exhaustive and strikingly original, the study reveals untold ways in which exploration, capital entreprise, evangelism, and imperial design were intertwined. Thus, imperial formations involved not only Church and Crown working in tandem, but also private investors, merchants guilds, speculators, navigators, and military men enmeshed with those two weighty instiutions—the administrative fulfillment of what Ernst Kantorowicz analyzed as “the king’s two bodies,” the human or mortal body and the spiritual body entailing the divine right to rule.

The study begins with an introduction whose entrée is El primer nueva corónica y buen gobierno, the now widely known chronicle of the Andes under Indigenous rulers including the Inca dynasty, and of the Spanish invasions, conquests, and civil wars in Peru, written circa 1615 by the noble Quechua Waman Poma, more commonly known as Guamán Poma de Ayala (1550–1616). For nonspecialists it is important to know that Peru would later be known as the Viceroyalty of Peru and comprise what we know today as part of Central America and most of Spanish-speaking South America. Spanish Peru was therefore a vast territory for trade, evangelization, enslavement (African chattel slavery as well as illegal Indigenous slavery), and experiments in imperial government and church institutions. Legnani’s analysis of El primer nueva corónica y buen gobierno brings out Guamán Poma’s justified resentment of colonial institutions and abuses of Indigenous peoples. This analysis yields to an overview of her book’s other chapters, each of which illustrates the sociohistorical and theoretical contingencies laid out in the introduction.

In chapter 1, “On the Same Boat: Iberian Ventures in Christian Conquest,” [End Page 175] Legnani deftly captures differences and similarities between Spanish and Portuguese modalities of financing conquest and capitalist development through slavery and private-crown partnerships. One section in particular, “Accounting for Profitable Violence,” sets the table for her later complications of “love,” “consent,” and “acceptance.” Chapter 2, “Contracting Love Interests,” ferrets out affective, commerical, and more broadly transactional relationships between Indigenous peoples and European peoples. She examines, following Eugenio Garin, the role that kings and popes played in such negotiations of “loving violence” (68). It does so with careful explorations of Crown trade laws and policies as well as of canon law and Spanish-Indies law more broadly. The author’s goal is to “delve into the contradictions latent in imperial injunctions to love and listen” (72), and she does so admirably. Theoretically speaking, chapter 2 is perhaps the book’s most complicated, and I was left wondering how Legnani might have engaged with Benedict Anderson’s intertwining of nationalism and political language of love in his concept of imagined community.

Chapter 3, “Telling Islands in the Claribalte and the Historia de las Indias,” centers on Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo y Valdés (1478–1557), a Crown bureaucrat, soldier, and renowned royal chronicler of the Indies and the Dominican friar and historian Bartolomé de las Casas (1484–1566). Legnani is drawn to how their “narrative archipelagoes” enable them to narrate themselves as “moral actors within the larger arc of imperial history” (106). She scrutinizes Fernández de Oviedo’s chivalric novel Claribalte (1519), rather than his far better known Historia general y natural de las Indias, most of which was published between 1535 and 1557. She demonstrates a supreme command of the critical literature on Claribalte while distinguishing her own from previous readings. While the novel “adheres to chivalric commonplaces...

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  《征服的生意：大西洋世界的帝国、爱情和法律》作者：Nicole D. Legnani
•  露丝·希尔

大西洋（或跨大西洋或环大西洋）研究在过去二十年中经历了如此巨大的增长，以至于越来越难识别未提出的问题或质疑从前几十年的学术中继承的范式。不过，值得赞扬的是，莱尼亚尼通过研究帝国、天主教、探险、浪漫和贸易的交叉点，成功地在这一领域研究领域站稳了脚跟。 《征服的生意》是对我们对西班牙裔跨大西洋世界的了解的深入研究和理论上的灵活贡献。这项研究详尽且具有惊人的原创性，揭示了探索、资本企业、福音传播和帝国设计相互交织的无数方式。因此，帝国的形成不仅涉及教会和王室的协同工作，还涉及私人投资者、商人行会、投机者、航海家和军人，它们与这两个重要机构交织在一起——恩斯特·康托洛维奇分析的“国王的两个机构”的行政实现，”人类或必死的身体和精神身体需要神圣的统治权。

该研究首先介绍了《El Prime nueva corónica y buen gobierno》 ，这是一部现已广为人知的编年史，讲述了包括印加王朝在内的土著统治者统治下的安第斯山脉，以及西班牙对秘鲁的入侵、征服和内战，大约写于 1615 年由高贵的盖丘亚族瓦曼·波马 (Quechua Waman Poma) 设计，通常被称为瓜曼·波马·德·阿亚拉 (Guamán Poma de Ayala)（1550-1616 年）。对于非专业人士来说，重要的是要知道秘鲁后来被称为秘鲁总督辖区，包括我们今天所知的中美洲和大部分讲西班牙语的南美洲的一部分。因此，西班牙秘鲁是一个贸易、传福音、奴役（非洲动产奴隶制以及非法土著奴隶制）以及帝国政府和教会机构实验的广阔领土。莱尼亚尼对《新皇冠和好政府》一书的分析揭示了关曼·波马对殖民制度和对土著人民的虐待的合理不满。这一分析产生了对她书中其他章节的概述，每一章都说明了引言中列出的社会历史和理论偶发事件。

在第一章“同舟共济：基督教征服中的伊比利亚冒险”中， [结束第 175 页]莱尼亚尼巧妙地捕捉了西班牙和葡萄牙通过奴隶制和私人皇冠合作伙伴关系融资征服和资本主义发展方式之间的差异和相似之处。特别是“营利性暴力的解释”这一节，为她后来出现的复杂的“爱”、“同意”和“接受”奠定了基础。第二章“缔结爱情利益”探讨了土著人民和欧洲人民之间的情感、商业和更广泛的交易关系。她继尤金尼奥·加林之后，研究了国王和教皇在这种“爱的暴力”谈判中所扮演的角色（68）。它通过仔细探索皇家贸易法和政策以及更广泛的教会法和西属印度法来做到这一点。作者的目标是“深入探究帝国关于爱与倾听的禁令中潜在的矛盾”（72），她的做法令人钦佩。从理论上讲，第二章可能是这本书中最复杂的，我想知道莱尼亚尼如何处理本尼迪克特·安德森在他的想象社区概念中民族主义和爱的政治语言的交织。

第 3 章“讲述克拉里巴尔特群岛和印度历史”，以贡萨洛·费尔南德斯·德·奥维耶多·瓦尔德斯（Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo y Valdés，1478-1557 年）为中心，他是一位皇家官僚、士兵、著名的印度皇家编年史家、多米尼加修道士和历史学家巴托洛梅·德拉斯·卡萨斯 (Bartolomé de las Casas) (1484–1566)。莱尼亚尼着迷于他们的“叙事群岛”如何使他们能够将自己描述为“更大的帝国历史弧线中的道德行动者”（106）。她仔细研究了费尔南德斯·德·奥维耶多的骑士小说《克拉里巴尔特》（1519 年），而不是他更为著名的《印度的一般历史和自然史》 ，其中大部分出版于 1535 年至 1557 年间。自己从以前的阅读中得到的。虽然小说“秉承了骑士的俗套......