To determine how neuronal circuits encode and drive behavior, it is often necessary to measure and manipulate different aspects of neurochemical signaling in awake animals. Optogenetics and calcium sensors have paved the way for these types of studies, allowing for the perturbation and readout of spiking activity within genetically defined cell types. However, these methods lack the ability to further disentangle the roles of individual neuromodulator and neuropeptides on circuits and behavior. We review recent advances in chemical biology tools that enable precise spatiotemporal monitoring and control over individual neuroeffectors and their receptors in vivo. We also highlight discoveries enabled by such tools, revealing how these molecules signal across different timescales to drive learning, orchestrate behavioral changes, and modulate circuit activity.

中文翻译：

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用于体内精确电路询问的神经调节剂和神经肽传感器和探针


为了确定神经元回路如何编码和驱动行为，通常需要测量和操纵清醒动物神经化学信号的不同方面。光遗传学和钙传感器为这些类型的研究铺平了道路，允许在基因定义的细胞类型中扰动和读取加标活性。然而，这些方法缺乏进一步解开单个神经调节剂和神经肽对回路和行为的作用的能力。我们回顾了化学生物学工具的最新进展，这些工具能够在体内对单个神经效应子及其受体进行精确的时空监测和控制。我们还重点介绍了这些工具带来的发现，揭示了这些分子如何在不同的时间尺度上发出信号以驱动学习、协调行为变化和调节电路活动。