This article critically reviews research on tornado theory and observations over the last decade. From the theoretical standpoint, the major advances have come through improved numerical-simulation models of supercell convective storms, which contain the tornado’s parent circulation. These simulations are carried out on a large domain (to capture the supercell’s circulation system), but with high grid resolution and improved representations of sub-grid physics (to capture the tornado). These simulations offer new insights into how and why tornadoes form in some supercells, but not others. Observational advances have come through technological improvements of mobile Doppler radars capable of rapid scanning and dual-polarization measurements, which offer a much more accurate view of tornado formation, tornado structure, and the tornado’s place within its parent supercell.

中文翻译：

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龙卷风理论和观测的最新发展


本文批判性地回顾了过去十年中关于龙卷风理论和观测的研究。从理论的角度来看，主要进展来自于改进的超级单体对流风暴的数值模拟模型，其中包含龙卷风的母环流。这些模拟在一个大域上进行（以捕获超级单体的环流系统），但具有较高的网格分辨率和改进的子网格物理表示（以捕获龙卷风）。这些模拟为龙卷风如何以及为什么在某些超级单体中形成提供了新的见解，而在其他超级单体中没有。观测技术进步来自于能够快速扫描和双极化测量的移动多普勒雷达的技术改进，从而可以更准确地了解龙卷风的形成、龙卷风结构以及龙卷风在其母超级单体中的位置。