Aquatic invertebrates account for more than 33.4% of global aquaculture production and are important aquaculture animals worldwide. Although the frequent outbreaks of diseases and the lack of disease prevention strategies have greatly hindered further development of the invertebrate aquaculture industry. Immune priming is a phenomenon that invertebrates mount a faster and stronger secondary response than that of the primary response when encountered with a given microbe. It has been demonstrated to be present in a wide range of aquaculture species and would provide a fresh idea for disease prevention. As the main executors of immune defense in invertebrates, the circulating hemocytes are short-lived, and the solution for the paradox of keeping a long-lasting immune protection might lie in the formation of long-lived memory cells in immune priming. As a reference for the access of memory cell formation processes in aquaculture invertebrates, the cellular kinetics including expansion, contraction, and memory formation of lymphocytes in the adaptive immunity of vertebrates are discussed. Then the features of hemocytes in aquaculture invertebrates, and their kinetic changes of cell number and immune capacity during immune priming are summarized for the knowledge of a stronger secondary immune response. The regulatory roles of epigenetic modification and metabolic reprogramming in immune priming and their possible functions in memory cell formation and identification are proposed to be preferentially investigated for further clarifying the mechanism of immune priming, which might provide a novel entrance for understanding the mechanisms of immune priming and developing disease prevention strategy in aquaculture invertebrates.

中文翻译：

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水产养殖无脊椎动物的免疫启动：来自细胞视角的启发和未来调查


水生无脊椎动物占全球水产养殖产量的 33.4% 以上，是全世界重要的水产养殖动物。尽管疾病的频繁爆发和疾病预防策略的缺乏极大地阻碍了无脊椎动物水产养殖业的进一步发展。免疫启动是一种现象，当遇到给定微生物时，无脊椎动物会比初级反应产生更快、更强的次级反应。它已被证明存在于广泛的水产养殖物种中，将为疾病预防提供新的想法。作为无脊椎动物免疫防御的主要执行者，循环血细胞的寿命很短，保持持久免疫保护的悖论的解决方案可能在于在免疫启动中形成长寿的记忆细胞。作为水产养殖无脊椎动物记忆细胞形成过程的参考，讨论了脊椎动物适应性免疫中淋巴细胞的细胞动力学，包括扩张、收缩和记忆形成。然后总结了水产养殖无脊椎动物中血细胞的特征，以及它们在免疫启动过程中细胞数量和免疫能力的动力学变化，以期了解更强的次级免疫反应。为了进一步阐明免疫启动的机制，建议优先研究表观遗传修饰和代谢重编程在免疫启动中的调节作用及其在记忆细胞形成和鉴定中的可能功能，这可能为理解免疫启动机制和制定水产养殖无脊椎动物的疾病预防策略提供新的入口。