Programming the organization of discrete building blocks into periodic and quasi-periodic arrays is challenging. Methods for organizing materials are particularly important at the nanoscale, where the time required for organization processes is practically manageable in experiments, and the resulting structures are of interest for applications spanning catalysis, optics, and plasmonics. While the assembly of isotropic nanoscale objects has been extensively studied and described by empirical design rules, recent synthetic advances have allowed anisotropy to be programmed into macroscopic assemblies made from nanoscale building blocks, opening new opportunities to engineer periodic materials and even quasicrystals with unnatural properties. In this review, we define guidelines for leveraging anisotropy of individual building blocks to direct the organization of nanoscale matter. First, the nature and spatial distribution of local interactions are considered and three design rules that guide particle organization are derived. Subsequently, recent examples from the literature are examined in the context of these design rules. Within the discussion of each rule, we delineate the examples according to the dimensionality (0D–3D) of the building blocks. Finally, we use geometric considerations to propose a general inverse design-based construction strategy that will enable the engineering of colloidal crystals with unprecedented structural control.

中文翻译：

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将各向异性工程化到有组织的纳米尺度物质中


将离散构建块的组织编程为周期性和准周期性数组具有挑战性。组织材料的方法在纳米尺度上尤为重要，在纳米尺度上，组织过程所需的时间在实验中实际上是可以控制的，并且所得结构对于催化、光学和等离子体学的应用很感兴趣。虽然各向同性纳米级物体的组装已经通过经验设计规则进行了广泛的研究和描述，但最近的合成进步允许将各向异性编程为由纳米级构建块制成的宏观组装体，为设计周期性材料甚至具有非自然特性的准晶体开辟了新的机会。在这篇综述中，我们定义了利用单个构建块的各向异性来指导纳米级物质组织的指南。首先，考虑了局部相互作用的性质和空间分布，并推导出了指导粒子组织的三个设计规则。随后，在这些设计规则的背景下研究了文献中的最新示例。在对每条规则的讨论中，我们根据构建块的维度 （0D–3D） 来描述示例。最后，我们使用几何考虑提出了一种基于一般逆向设计的构建策略，该策略将使胶体晶体的工程具有前所未有的结构控制。