Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-engineered T cells represent a front-line therapy for cancers. However, the current CAR T cell manufacturing protocols do not adequately reproduce immunological synapse formation. Here, in response to this limitation, we have developed a flexible graphene oxide antigen-presenting platform (GO-APP) that anchors antibodies onto graphene oxide. By decorating anti-CD3 (αCD3) and anti-CD28 (αCD28) on graphene oxide (GO-APP^3/28), we achieved remarkable T cell proliferation. In vitro interactions between GO-APP^3/28 and T cells closely mimic the in vivo immunological synapses between antigen-presenting cells and T cells. This immunological synapse mimicry shows a high capacity for stimulating T cell proliferation while preserving their multifunctionality and high potency. Meanwhile, it enhances CAR gene-engineering efficiency, yielding a more than fivefold increase in CAR T cell production compared with the standard protocol. Notably, GO-APP^3/28 stimulated appropriate autocrine interleukin-2 (IL-2) in T cells and overcame the in vitro reliance on external IL-2 supplementation, offering an opportunity to culture T cell-based products independent of IL-2 supplementation.

嵌合抗原受体 （CAR） 工程化的 T 细胞代表了癌症的一线疗法。然而，目前的 CAR T 细胞制造方案不能充分再现免疫突触的形成。在这里，为了应对这一限制，我们开发了一种灵活的氧化石墨烯抗原呈递平台 （GO-APP），可将抗体锚定在氧化石墨烯上。通过在氧化石墨烯 （GO-APP^3/28） 上装饰抗 CD3 （αCD3） 和抗 CD28 （αCD28），我们实现了显着的 T 细胞增殖。GO-APP^3/28 和 T 细胞之间的体外相互作用密切模拟抗原呈递细胞和 T 细胞之间的体内免疫突触。这种免疫突触模拟物显示出刺激 T 细胞增殖的高能力，同时保持其多功能性和高效性。同时，它提高了 CAR 基因工程效率，与标准方案相比，CAR T 细胞产量增加了五倍以上。值得注意的是，GO-APP^3/28 刺激了 T 细胞中适当的自分泌白细胞介素 2 （IL-2） 并克服了体外对外部 IL-2 补充剂的依赖，为独立于 IL-2 补充剂培养基于 T 细胞的产品提供了机会。