Mountain ecosystems play an important role globally as centers of biodiversity and in providing ecosystem services to lowland populations, but are influenced by multiple global change drivers such as climate change, nitrogen deposition, or altered disturbance regimes. As global change is accelerating and the consequences for humans and nature are intensifying, there is an increasing demand for understanding and predicting the impacts and implications of global change on mountain ecosystems. Manipulation experiments are one of the major tools for testing the causal impacts of global change and establishing a mechanistic understanding of how these changes may transform the global biota from single organisms to entire ecosystems. Over the past three decades, hundreds of such experiments have been conducted in mountainous regions worldwide. To strengthen the experimental evidence for the possible ecological consequences of global change, we systematically reviewed the literature on global change experiments in mountains. We first investigated the spread of manipulation experiments to test the effects of different global change drivers on key biological and ecological processes from the organism to the ecosystem level. We then examined and discussed the balance of evidence regarding the impact of these global change drivers on biological and ecological processes, and outlined the possible consequences for mountain ecosystems. Finally, we identified research gaps and proposed future directions for global change research in mountain environments. Among the major drivers, temperature was manipulated most frequently, generally showing consistent strong impacts between biological and ecosystem processes, functional groups, and habitat types. There is also strong evidence suggesting that changes in water and nutrient availability have a direct impact on the life history and functioning of mountain organisms. Despite these important findings, there are several gaps that require urgent attention. These include experiments testing adult trees in tropical and boreal regions, assessing animal responses and biotic interactions, and investigating aquatic environments and soil systems more extensively. A broader approach that integrates experimental data with field observations and relies on international collaboration through coordinated experiments could help address these gaps and provide a more consistent and robust picture of the impacts of global change on mountain ecosystems.

中文翻译：

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山地生态系统的全球变化实验：系统评价


山地生态系统作为生物多样性中心和为低地人口提供生态系统服务，在全球范围内发挥着重要作用，但受到多种全球变化驱动因素的影响，例如气候变化、氮沉积或改变的干扰机制。随着全球变化的加速以及对人类和自然的影响加剧，对了解和预测全球变化对山区生态系统的影响和影响的需求越来越大。操纵实验是测试全球变化的因果影响和建立对这些变化如何将全球生物群从单一生物转变为整个生态系统的机制理解的主要工具之一。在过去的三十年里，已经在全球山区进行了数百次此类实验。为了加强全球变化可能带来的生态后果的实验证据，我们系统回顾了有关山区全球变化实验的文献。我们首先调查了操纵实验的传播，以测试不同的全球变化驱动因素对从生物体到生态系统水平的关键生物和生态过程的影响。然后，我们检查并讨论了有关这些全球变化驱动因素对生物和生态过程影响的证据平衡，并概述了对山区生态系统的可能后果。最后，我们确定了研究差距并提出了山地环境中全球变化研究的未来方向。在主要驱动因素中，温度被最频繁地操纵，通常表现出生物和生态系统过程、功能群和栖息地类型之间的一致强烈影响。 还有强有力的证据表明，水和养分可用性的变化对山地生物的生活史和功能有直接影响。尽管有这些重要的发现，但仍有几项差距需要紧急关注。这些实验包括测试热带和北方地区的成年树木、评估动物反应和生物相互作用，以及更广泛地研究水生环境和土壤系统。将实验数据与实地观察相结合并依靠通过协调实验进行国际合作的更广泛方法可以帮助解决这些差距，并提供有关全球变化对山区生态系统影响的更一致和稳健的图景。