According to Sosa (2015, 2021), the domain of epistemic normativity divides into gnoseology and intellectual ethics, a boundary that results from the key notion that gnoseological assessments are telic. We share this view here and highlight the implications that the telic claim has for different debates in contemporary epistemology. However, we also raise the complaint that Sosa’s analogy of the archer has suggested that this boundary aligns with those of the instant of cognitive performance and its attributability to an individual, as featured in the Cartesian fundamental epistemic question: What should I believe now? Against this Cartesian imprint, we claim that temporality and sociality may be constitutive features of gnoseology. In order to show this, we introduce alternative analogies of belief formation processes that illustrate how cognitive achievements may be collectively attained across time, features that may manifest as an epistemology of conversation.

根据 Sosa (2015, 2021) 的说法，认知规范性领域分为灵知学和智力伦理，这一边界源于灵知学评估是目的性的这一关键概念。我们在此同意这一观点，并强调目的论主张对当代认识论中不同辩论的影响。然而，我们也提出抱怨，索萨对弓箭手的类比表明，这一边界与认知表现的瞬间及其对个人的归因一致，正如笛卡尔基本认知问题所体现的那样：我现在应该相信什么？反对这种笛卡尔的印记，我们声称时间性和社会性可能是灵知学的构成特征。为了证明这一点，我们引入了信念形成过程的替代类比，这些类比说明了如何随着时间的推移集体获得认知成就，这些特征可能表现为对话认识论。