Agricultural and livestock production cover more than a third of the Earth's land surface and are crucial to food supply. Soil extracellular enzymes play an important role in the transformation of elements and compounds in soil, particularly acid (ACP) and alkaline (ALP) phosphatases (both, APases). These enzymes have a vital role in releasing phosphorus (P) from organic matter. However, the effect of climate variables and agro-ecosystem management on APase activity in croplands remains unclear, as does its eventual relationship with agricultural productivity. Therefore, we compiled a global database of APase activity in croplands (between 1977 and 2022) and we analysed 5876 observations across 474 papers to study climate variables, crop family, and management effects on ACP and ALP activity, and their relationship with yield. ACP activity is reduced by higher temperatures (p<0.001) and lower rainfall (p=0.002). There was an interaction effect of temperature and precipitation on ALP activity (p=0.046), with the negative effect of temperature being stronger with high precipitation, and low precipitation showing low ALP activity levels at any temperature. The crop family greatly influenced APase activity (p<0.001). Management practices affected ACP and ALP activity differently; ACP activity was positively influenced by organic fertilization combined with, crop rotation or irrigation by an average of 15.6 % and 30.7 %, respectively. ALP activity was mainly positively influenced by the interaction of two different factors: organic or inorganic-organic fertilization and reduced or zero tillage. Further understanding of soil enzyme mechanisms would aid global food security and yield. As ACP activity doubles from 100.0 to 200.0 mg pNP kg−1h−1, the crop yield increases by more than two-fold, an outcome not demonstrated in croplands until now. These results could enhance yield potential through the promotion of APase activity, and the consideration of climate variables and agro-ecosystem management, which could ultimately improve cost-benefit ratios for sustainable crop growth.

中文翻译：

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气候、作物和管理对农田土壤磷酸酶活性的影响：全球调查及其与作物产量的关系


农业和畜牧业生产覆盖了地球陆地表面的三分之一以上，对粮食供应至关重要。土壤细胞外酶在土壤中元素和化合物的转化中起着重要作用，特别是酸性 （ACP） 和碱性 （ALP） 磷酸酶 （两者都是 APases）。这些酶在从有机物中释放磷 （P） 方面起着至关重要的作用。然而，气候变量和农业生态系统管理对农田 APase 活动的影响仍不清楚，它与农业生产力的最终关系也不清楚。因此，我们编制了一个农田 APase 活性全球数据库（1977 年至 2022 年），并分析了 474 篇论文中的 5876 次观察结果，以研究气候变量、作物家系和管理对 ACP 和 ALP 活性的影响，以及它们与产量的关系。ACP 活性因温度升高 （p<0.001） 和降雨量降低 （p=0.002） 而降低。温度和降水对 ALP 活性存在交互作用 （p=0.046），温度的负面影响越强，降水越多，降水越低，任何温度下 ALP 活性水平都较低。作物家系对 APase 活性影响较大 （p<0.001）。管理实践对 ACP 和 ALP 活性的影响不同;有机肥施肥、作物轮作或灌溉对 ACP 活性的积极影响分别平均分别为 15.6 % 和 30.7 %。ALP 活性主要受到两种不同因素相互作用的正影响：有机或无机有机肥料和减耕或免耕。进一步了解土壤酶机制将有助于全球粮食安全和产量。由于 ACP 活动从 100.0 翻倍到 200。0 mg pNP kg-1h-1，作物产量增加了两倍以上，这是迄今为止在农田中未得到证明的结果。这些结果可以通过促进 APase 活性以及考虑气候变量和农业生态系统管理来提高产量潜力，从而最终提高可持续作物生长的成本效益比。