The use and trade of non-wood forest products (NWFPs) may simultaneously bring about positive outcomes for conservation and rural development. This assumption underlies national strategies on NWFPs and Forest Landscape Restoration (FLR) in São Tomé and Príncipe. However, there is a lack of understanding of how native tree products such as Adansonia digitata (baobab), Dacryodes edulis (African plum) and Treculia africana (African breadfruit) are harvested, traded, and used. Besides, there is little knowledge about how both the landscapes these products originate from and the activities from harvest to consumption are governed. Using a value chain-landscape nexus approach, a quantitative survey with chain actors, semi-structured expert interviews and participant observations at marketplaces on São Tomé Island, we explored the socio-economic relevance of NWFPs included in FLR initiatives and how governance arrangements impact these. Despite being seasonal and limited to the capital, the formal trade of these products was of significant economic importance to the country. Nevertheless, weak statutory governance and an absence of customary governance arrangements puts the sustainability of NWFP harvesting, and thereby the outcomes of FLR, in jeopardy. The value chain-landscape governance nexus approach helps to understand how the use of NWFPs as part of forest restoration endeavors needs to take into consideration not only socio-economic benefits but also how the chains are governed in order to ensure that trade is compatible with FLR goals. Future research could further test the robustness of this conceptualization both in São Tomé and beyond.

中文翻译：

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利用价值链-景观治理关系进行非木材林产品和热带森林恢复


非木材林产品（NWFP）的使用和贸易可以同时为保护和农村发展带来积极成果。这一假设是圣多美和普林西比非木材林产品和森林景观恢复（FLR）国家战略的基础。然而，人们对诸如猴面包树、非洲李子和非洲面包果等本土树木产品的收获、贸易和使用缺乏了解。此外，人们对这些产品的产地以及从收获到消费的活动如何进行管理知之甚少。利用价值链-景观联系方法、对链参与者的定量调查、半结构化专家访谈和圣多美岛市场参与者观察，我们探讨了 FLR 举措中包含的非木材林产品的社会经济相关性以及治理安排如何影响这些林产品。尽管这些产品具有季节性且仅限于首都，但这些产品的正式贸易对该国具有重要的经济意义。然而，薄弱的法定治理和缺乏习惯治理安排使非木材产品采伐的可持续性以及 FLR 的成果面临危险。价值链-景观治理关系方法有助于了解如何使用非木材森林作为森林恢复工作的一部分，不仅需要考虑社会经济效益，还需要考虑如何管理价值链，以确保贸易与 FLR 兼容目标。未来的研究可以进一步测试这一概念在圣多美及其他地区的稳健性。