This paper examines how climate policy impacts wood use, the allocation of side streams between energy production and higher-value biochemical products, and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in forest bioeconomy. The starting point is the European Union's (EU) climate policy, where burning wood-based side streams for energy is treated as carbon-neutral because emissions from harvesting are calculated in the land-use sector. This policy is compared to an alternative wherein wood use or burning wood-based side streams is taxed according to their carbon dioxide (CO2) content. Numerical analysis shows that by increasing the price of electricity, EU's climate policy with emissions trading favors burning wood-based side streams for energy and reduces cascading use of side streams in the modern pulp mill. For traditional pulp mill using fossil fuels, use of fossil fuels and emissions decrease but other impacts depend on the pass-through rate of allowance price on electricity price. An alternative policy, emissions trading with a carbon tax on burned side stream favors cascading use of side streams for both traditional and modern pulp mills. If the alternative policy consists of emissions trading and a carbon tax on wood use, it dramatically decreases wood and energy use, renewable energy and pulp production and profits for both types of pulp mills. Our results show that there are climate and energy policy instruments targeting forest industry that at the same time might reduce GHG emissions and promote the cascading use of wood-based side streams in pulp mills.

中文翻译：

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气候和能源政策工具对森林生物经济的影响


本文研究了气候政策如何影响木材使用、能源生产和高价值生化产品之间的侧流分配以及森林生物经济中的温室气体 (GHG) 排放。起点是欧盟 (EU) 的气候政策，其中燃烧木材副流获取能源被视为碳中和，因为采伐产生的排放是在土地使用部门中计算的。该政策与另一种替代政策相比，其中木材使用或燃烧木质副产品根据其二氧化碳 (CO2) 含量征税。数值分析表明，通过提高电价，欧盟的排放交易气候政策有利于燃烧木质侧流作为能源，并减少现代纸浆厂侧流的级联使用。对于使用化石燃料的传统纸浆厂来说，化石燃料的使用和排放量有所减少，但其他影响取决于补贴价格对电价的传导率。另一种政策是对燃烧的侧流征收碳税的排放交易有利于传统和现代纸浆厂级联使用侧流。如果替代政策包括排放交易和对木材使用征收碳税，它将大大减少木材和能源的使用、可再生能源和纸浆的生产以及两种类型纸浆厂的利润。我们的研究结果表明，存在针对林业的气候和​​能源政策工具，同时可以减少温室气体排放并促进纸浆厂中木质侧流的梯级使用。