This paper explores the relationship between clove essential oil processing and tree cover loss, with a comparison to the incidence and effect of wildfires in Analanjirofo in eastern Madagascar between 2012 and 2021. We used Generalised Additive Mixed Models with the proportion of tree cover left around chef-lieu municipalities as response variables. The number of fires detected, the number of traditional and modern clove processing facilities in the municipality, and overlap with Protected Areas, and the number of villages in the municipality were set as fixed factors. Tree cover loss was associated with increased number of traditional and modern facilities. Clove operators show a motivation to keep using traditional facilities since they are more feasible, produce higher quality of clove oil, and reinforce social cohesion. The number of the traditional facilities per municipality remains 2.9 times higher than modern facilities despite their promotion since 2011. The use of the modern facilities is motivated by the lower wood consumption and shorter distillation time. Wildfires, often related to slash-and-burn agriculture, remain a major environmental threat to forest, especially in remote areas and more fires were detected in areas with higher tree cover. The overlap of municipality with Protected Areas has no effect on tree cover loss. Expanding the Agroforestry Systems (AFS) around municipalities and ensuring that they can produce enough fuelwood will improve the clove sector and thrive local economy. Controlling wildfires, developing a long-term clove industry management plan, and improving commercialisation policies could be immediate priorities for achieving sustainable development in the region.

中文翻译：

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需要采取额外措施以确保丁香产业不会造成马达加斯加的树木覆盖损失


本文探讨了丁香精油加工与树木覆盖损失之间的关系，并与 2012 年至 2021 年间马达加斯加东部阿纳兰吉罗福山火的发生率和影响进行了比较。我们使用广义加法混合模型，以厨师周围剩余的树木覆盖比例为基础-替代城市作为响应变量。检测到的火灾数量、该市传统和现代丁香加工设施的数量、与保护区的重叠以及该市村庄的数量被设置为固定因素。树木覆盖率的丧失与传统和现代设施数量的增加有关。丁香经营者表现出继续使用传统设施的动力，因为它们更可行，生产更高质量的丁香油，并增强社会凝聚力。尽管自 2011 年以来一直在推广传统设施，但每个城市的传统设施数量仍然是现代设施的 2.9 倍。使用现代设施的原因是木材消耗较低和蒸馏时间较短。野火通常与刀耕火种农业有关，仍然是对森林的主要环境威胁，特别是在偏远地区，在树木覆盖率较高的地区发现了更多火灾。城市与保护区的重叠对树木覆盖损失没有影响。扩大各城市周围的农林业系统（AFS）并确保它们能够生产足够的薪材将改善丁香行业并繁荣当地经济。控制山火、制定长期丁香产业管理计划以及完善商业化政策可能是该地区实现可持续发展的当务之急。