Thousands of Jews moved from Qajar Iran and Ottoman Iraq to the Persian Gulf ports during the long nineteenth century. Attracted by colonial trade and British patronage, they formed communities on the Gulf littorals and expanded their social and economic networks across the sea. At the same time, modern transportation connected the Indian Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea, enabling collective long-distance migration. This allowed Gulf Jews to imagine Jerusalem as a worldly and reachable city, making it home to a budding Persian Jewish community from the 1880s. This article traces these migrations between 1820 and 1914 through a reading of the Hebrew travelogues of migrating Persian rabbis alongside imperial records written by British, Ottoman and Qajar officials. By moving through four different cities, Shiraz and Bushehr in Iran, Bahrain off the Gulf’s Arab shore, and Jerusalem in Ottoman Palestine, it shows how Jews settled the Gulf coasts while incorporating Jerusalem into an oceanic Jewish network. Visualized in this way, the migration of Gulf Jews contributes to redefining Middle Eastern Jewish geographies while establishing a dialogue between Jewish history and transregional histories of the Persian Gulf.

中文翻译：

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波斯湾和巴勒斯坦之间的犹太网络，1820 年至 1914 年


在漫长的十九世纪期间，成千上万的犹太人从卡扎尔伊朗和奥斯曼伊拉克迁移到波斯湾港口。受到殖民贸易和英国庇护的吸引，他们在海湾沿岸形成了社区，并扩大了跨海的社会和经济网络。与此同时，现代交通连接了印度洋和地中海，实现了集体长途迁徙。这让海湾犹太人将耶路撒冷想象为一座世俗且触手可及的城市，成为 1880 年代新兴波斯犹太社区的家园。本文通过阅读波斯拉比移民的希伯来游记以及英国、奥斯曼和卡扎尔官员撰写的帝国记录，追溯了 1820 年至 1914 年间的这些移民。通过穿越四个不同的城市：伊朗的设拉子和布什尔、海湾阿拉伯海岸的巴林和奥斯曼巴勒斯坦的耶路撒冷，它展示了犹太人如何在海湾沿岸定居，同时将耶路撒冷纳入海洋犹太人网络。从这个角度来看，海湾犹太人的迁徙有助于重新定义中东犹太人的地理，同时在犹太历史和波斯湾的跨区域历史之间建立对话。