Individuals who have experienced child protection system involvement are over-represented in criminal justice systems. This group faces greater risks of serious offending and justice system entrenchment relative to their peers without child protection system contact. Understanding the pathways from child protection to adult criminal justice system contact is critical for informing crime prevention policy and practice, yet most research on the maltreatment-offending relationship solely focuses on children’s pathways from child protection to youth justice systems. This scoping review identified and synthesized evidence from studies examining adult justice system contact among individuals who have experienced child protection system involvement (including placement in out-of-home care [OOHC]). A search of six databases identified 7,599 publications, of which 37 met the inclusion criteria. These primary studies included adult participants with a history of child protection system involvement and adult criminal justice system contact (defined by administrative records or self-reported arrest, conviction, or incarceration). The review identified that many factors associated with increased likelihood of adult criminal justice system contact reflect those identified for youth justice involvement (e.g., male gender, racial minority or Indigenous status, a history of substantiated maltreatment, particularly physical abuse, placement in OOHC, particularly placement in residential care, placement for reasons of problem behavior, initial placement in early adolescence, and placement instability). While youth justice system contact is associated with increased risk, engagement in education or employment (for males), and becoming a parent appear to be associated with decreased risk of criminal justice system contact among adults previously involved in child protection systems.

中文翻译：

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从照顾到惩戒：从儿童保护到成人刑事司法系统的路径范围界定审查


经历过儿童保护系统参与的个人在刑事司法系统中所占比例过高。与没有接触儿童保护系统的同龄人相比，这一群体面临着更大的严重犯罪和司法系统巩固的风险。了解从儿童保护到成人刑事司法系统接触的途径对于为预防犯罪政策和实践提供信息至关重要，但大多数关于虐待与犯罪关系的研究仅关注儿童从儿童保护到青少年司法系统的途径。这项范围界定审查从研究中确定并综合了证据，这些研究审查了经历过儿童保护系统参与（包括安置在户外护理 [OOHC]）的个人之间的成人司法系统接触。对六个数据库的检索发现了 7,599 份出版物，其中 37 份符合纳入标准。这些主要研究包括有儿童保护系统参与历史和成人刑事司法系统接触史（由行政记录或自我报告的逮捕、定罪或监禁定义）的成年参与者。审查发现，与成人刑事司法系统接触可能性增加相关的许多因素反映了青少年参与司法的因素（例如，男性、少数族裔或土著身份、有经证实的虐待史，特别是身体虐待、被安置在 OOHC 中，特别是寄宿护理安置、因问题行为原因安置、青春期早期初次安置以及安置不稳定）。 虽然青少年接触司法系统与风险增加有关，但参与教育或就业（对于男性）以及成为父母似乎与以前参与儿童保护系统的成年人接触刑事司法系统的风险降低有关。