Hate-motivated behavior (HMB) ranges from microaggressions to criminal acts and is a public health concern with consequences for the physical and mental well-being of individuals, families, and communities. The Hate-Motivated Behavior Checklist (HMBC) was developed with the goal of advancing the measurement of HMB perpetration. To provide insights into perpetration and victimization across the HMB continuum in Scotland, the present study sought to examine the factor structure of both the original HMBC and our adapted victimization version in a sample of adults currently living in Scotland. It also aimed to test associations between HMB and cognitions, which are related to self-directed violence (defeat and entrapment). Participants ( n = 447) completed an online cross-sectional survey assessing demographic factors, HMB (perpetration and victimization), and perceptions of defeat and entrapment. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to examine the factor structure of the HMBC and the adapted victimization version of this checklist and path analyses were implemented to provide insights into potential links between HMB, defeat, and entrapment. In line with previous work, results provided support for interpreting the HMB Checklist as a single-factor total score. This was also true for the victimization version of the checklist. Results indicated that HMB victimization (but not perpetration) was associated with increased perceptions of defeat and entrapment. These findings suggest that the HMBC (for assessing both perpetration and victimization) represents potentially useful tools for HMB research and supports their applicability outside of an American context. Furthermore, by examining HMB through the lens of a contemporary model of suicidal behavior, our findings also provide insights into potential psychological mechanisms linking interpersonal and self-directed violence. Future research should implement prospective research designs and integrate measures of self-directed violence outcomes alongside HMB, defeat, and entrapment, to further advance understanding of this association.

中文翻译：

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对苏格兰成年人仇恨动机行为及其与自我导向暴力风险因素的关联的检查


仇恨动机行为 (HMB) 的范围从微侵犯到犯罪行为，是一个公共卫生问题，会对个人、家庭和社区的身心健康产生影响。仇恨动机行为检查表 (HMBC) 的开发目的是推进对 HMB 行为的测量。为了深入了解苏格兰 HMB 连续体的犯罪和受害行为，本研究试图在目前居住在苏格兰的成年人样本中检查原始 HMBC 和我们改编的受害版本的因素结构。它还旨在测试 HMB 和认知之间的关联，这些关联与自我导向的暴力（失败和诱捕）有关。参与者 ( n = 447) 完成了一项在线横断面调查，评估人口因素、HMB（犯罪和受害）以及对失败和陷入困境的看法。使用验证性因素分析来检查 HMBC 的因素结构，并实施该清单的改编受害版本和路径分析，以深入了解 HMB、失败和诱捕之间的潜在联系。与之前的工作一致，结果为将 HMB 检查表解释为单因素总分提供了支持。对于清单的受害版本来说也是如此。结果表明，HMB 受害（但不是犯罪）与失败和受困的认知增加有关。这些发现表明，HMBC（用于评估犯罪和受害）代表了 HMB 研究的潜在有用工具，并支持其在美国背景之外的适用性。 此外，通过从当代自杀行为模式的角度审视 HMB，我们的研究结果还提供了对人际暴力和自我暴力之间潜在心理机制的见解。未来的研究应该实施前瞻性研究设计，并将自我导向暴力结果的测量与 HMB、失败和诱捕结合起来，以进一步加深对这种关联的理解。