The annual bluegrass weevil, Listronotus maculicollis Kirby, is considered the most destructive insect pest of short-mown turfgrasses in northeastern North America. Poa annua L. is the preferred host plant, though the weevil can develop in other cool-season (C3) turfgrasses such as bentgrasses (Agrostis spp. L.) and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.). Recently, damaging populations have been reported in midwestern and southeastern United States, where cool- and warm-season (C4) turfgrasses are grown. However, it is unknown whether L. maculicollis can establish and develop within common warm-season turfgrasses such as zoysiagrasses (Zoysia matrella L.) and hybrid bermudagrasses (Cynodon dactylon Pers. × transvaalensis Davy). Larvae reared on Agrostis stolonifera ‘Penncross’, an older cultivar, experienced a significant reduction in survivorship and longer development periods compared to a newer cultivar (Penn-A4) and P. annua. Agrostis stolonifera ‘Penncross’ possessed significantly greater quantities of carotenoids and flavonoid content, which may explain differences in host suitability among C3 turfgrasses. No larvae were recovered from C4 hosts in no-choice ovipositional assays, suggesting Z. matrella and C. dactylon × transvaalensis are nonviable hosts of L. maculicollis. Further investigation into the morphological and physiological defense mechanisms in Z. matrella and C. dactylon × transvaalensis may broaden our understanding of tolerance mechanisms not observed in C3 cool-season turfgrasses and provide guidance for future breeding efforts.

中文翻译：

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冷季和暖季草坪宿主对一年生蓝草象甲（Listronotus maculicollis，Kirby）的适应性特征


一年生蓝草象甲， Listronotus maculicollis Kirby，被认为是北美东北部短割草坪最具破坏性的害虫。早熟禾是首选寄主植物，尽管象鼻虫也可以在其他冷季型 (C3) 草坪草中生长，例如剪股颖 ( Agrostis spp . L.) 和多年生黑麦草 ( Lolium perenne L.)。最近，美国中西部和东南部种植冷季型和暖季型 (C4) 草坪的地区报告了种群受到破坏的情况。然而，尚不清楚L. maculicollis是否可以在常见的暖季草坪草（如结缕草（ Zoysia matrella L.）和杂交狗牙根（ Cynodon dactylon Pers. × transvaalensis Davy））中建立和发育。与新品种 (Penn-A4) 和青花椒相比，在老品种Agrostis stolonifera ‘Penncross’ 上饲养的幼虫存活率显着下降，发育周期也更长。 Agrostis stolonifera ‘Penncross’ 具有显着更高数量的类胡萝卜素和类黄酮含量，这可以解释 C3 草坪草之间宿主适宜性的差异。在非选择产卵试验中，没有从 C4 宿主中回收到幼虫，这表明Z. matrella和C. dactylon × transvaalensis是L. maculicollis的非存活宿主。进一步研究Z. matrella和C. matrella的形态和生理防御机制。 dactylon × transvaalensis可能会拓宽我们对 C3 冷季型草坪草中未观察到的耐受机制的理解，并为未来的育种工作提供指导。