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A sulphide resistant Ag|AgCl reference electrode for long-term monitoring
Analyst ( IF 3.6 ) Pub Date : 2024-09-19 , DOI: 10.1039/d4an01076k
David S Macedo 1, 2 , Mikko Vepsäläinen 3 , Theo Rodopoulos 1 , Stephen Peacock 1 , Conor F Hogan 2
Affiliation  

Reference electrodes which demonstrate long-term potential stability are essential for many continuous monitoring applications and are commonly based on Ag|AgCl electrodes; however, these electrodes are susceptible to poisoning from aqueous sulphide species which are commonly present in wastewater and natural groundwater. This work presents a sulphide resistant solid-state reference electrode (SSRE) based on a composite material using suspended KCl electrolyte and sacrificial AgCl in a cross-linked polyvinyl acetate polymer matrix. Sulphidation of the sacrificial AgCl produces a stable Ag2S precipitate and prevents further ingress of the poisoning sulphide species through the composite material. A novel SSRE using this material is compared to a control SSRE without suspended AgCl and a typical liquid filled reference electrode. These three reference electrodes are studied using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and their application is also studied in potentiometric pH sensing and cyclic voltammetry (CV). The long-term sulphide resistance of the two SSREs is also studied with potentiometry, and cross-sections of these electrodes were examined using micro X-ray fluorescence (μXRF). Both SSREs demonstrated higher impedance than the liquid reference electrode but were similar to other SSREs reported in the literature. This impedance did not result a meaningful difference in potentiometric pH sensing or CV experiments done using typical scan rates. The KCl/AgCl SSRE exhibited remarkable sulphide resistance, with all samples demonstrating a stable potential without maintenance after ca. 120 days of continuous immersion in 1 g L−1 Na2S solution, whereas KCl SSRE samples all demonstrated significant drift before this time. μXRF sulphur maps revealed that suspended AgCl prevented sulphide ingress, thus protecting the embedded Ag|AgCl electrode. This work presents a reference electrode that could enable long-term monitoring in challenging sulphide solutions, and also highlights a novel approach for preventing reference electrode poisoning which could be more widely explored.

中文翻译:


一种耐硫化物的 Ag|用于长期监测的 AgCl 参比电极



具有长期电位稳定性的参比电极对于许多连续监测应用至关重要,并且通常基于 Ag|AgCl 电极;然而,这些电极容易受到废水和天然地下水中常见的硫化物水物质的中毒。本工作提出了一种基于复合材料的抗硫化物固态参比电极 (SSRE),该电极在交联聚醋酸乙烯酯聚合物基质中使用悬浮的 KCl 电解质和牺牲的 AgCl。牺牲型 AgCl 的硫化产生稳定的 Ag2S 沉淀物,并防止中毒硫化物物质进一步进入复合材料。将使用这种材料的新型 SSRE 与不含悬浮 AgCl 和典型液体填充参比电极的对照 SSRE 进行了比较。使用电化学阻抗谱 (EIS) 研究了这三个参比电极,还研究了它们在电位 pH 传感和循环伏安法 (CV) 中的应用。还使用电位法研究了两种 SSRE 的长期抗硫化物性,并使用微 X 射线荧光 (μXRF) 检查了这些电极的横截面。两种 SSRE 都表现出比液体参比电极更高的阻抗,但与文献中报道的其他 SSRE 相似。该阻抗在电位 pH 传感或使用典型扫描速率进行的 CV 实验中没有产生有意义的差异。KCl/AgCl SSRE 表现出显着的抗硫化物性,所有样品均表现出稳定的电位,无需在 ca 后维护。 在 1 g L−1 Na2S 溶液中连续浸泡 120 天,而 KCl SSRE 样品在此之前均表现出显著的漂移。μXRF 硫分布图显示,悬浮的 AgCl 阻止了硫化物进入,从而保护了嵌入的 Ag|AgCl 电极。这项工作提出了一种参比电极,可以在具有挑战性的硫化物溶液中进行长期监测,并且还强调了一种可以更广泛地探索的预防参比电极中毒的新方法。
更新日期:2024-09-19
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