We present a comprehensive multi-messenger study of NGC 1068, the prototype Seyfert II galaxy associated with high-energy neutrinos following a detection by the IceCube Neutrino Observatory. Various aspects of the source, including its nuclear activity, jet, outflow and starburst region, are analysed in detail using a multi-wavelength approach and relevant luminosities are derived. We then explore its γ-ray and neutrino emissions and investigate the potential mechanisms underlying these phenomena and their relations with the different astrophysical components to try to understand which is responsible for the IceCube neutrinos. By first using simple order-of-magnitude arguments and then applying specific theoretical models, we infer that only the region close to the accretion disk around the supermassive black hole has the right density of both the X-ray photons needed to provide the targets for protons to sustain neutrino production and the optical/infrared photons required to absorb the associated, but unobserved, γ-rays. We conclude by highlighting ongoing efforts to constrain a possible broad connection between neutrinos and active galactic nuclei, as well as future synergies between astronomical and neutrino facilities.

我们对 NGC 1068 进行了全面的多信使研究，NGC 1068 是冰立方中微子天文台探测到的与高能中微子相关的原型赛弗特 II 星系。使用多波长方法详细分析源的各个方面，包括其核活动、射流、流出和星爆区域，并得出相关的光度。然后，我们探索其 γ 射线和中微子发射，并研究这些现象背后的潜在机制及其与不同天体物理成分的关系，以试图了解冰立方中微子的形成原因。通过首先使用简单的数量级参数，然后应用特定的理论模型，我们推断，只有靠近超大质量黑洞周围吸积盘的区域才具有提供目标所需的正确密度的 X 射线光子。维持中微子产生的质子和吸收相关但未被观察到的γ射线所需的光学/红外光子。最后，我们强调了限制中微子和活跃星系核之间可能存在的广泛联系以及天文设施和中微子设施之间未来协同作用的持续努力。