Fractons emerge from many-body systems, featuring subdimensional particles with restricted mobility. These particles have attracted interest for their roles across disciplines, including topological quantum codes, quantum field theory, emergent gravity, and quantum information. They display unique nonequilibrium behaviors such as nonergodicity and glassy dynamics. This review offers a structured overview of fracton phenomena, especially those of gapless fracton liquids, which enable collective modes similar to gauge fluctuations in Maxwell's electromagnetic framework, yet their phenomena are distinguished by a unique conservation law that restricts the mobility of individual charges and monopoles. We delve into the theoretical basis of three-dimensional (3D) fracton liquids, exploring emergent symmetric tensor gauge theories and their properties. We also discuss the material realization of fracton liquids in Yb-based pyrochlore lattices and other synthetic quantum matter platforms.

中文翻译：

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量子液体：新兴高阶规范理论和分形


碎裂体出现在多体系统中，以活动受限的亚维粒子为特征。这些粒子因其在各个学科中的作用而引起了人们的兴趣，包括拓扑量子密码、量子场论、紧急引力和量子信息。它们显示独特的非平衡行为，例如非遍历性和玻璃动力学。这篇综述对分形子现象进行了结构化的概述，尤其是无间隙分形液体的分形现象，它们实现了类似于麦克斯韦电磁框架中的规范波动的集体模式，但它们的现象以独特的守恒定律为特征，该定律限制了单个电荷和单极子的移动性。我们深入研究了三维 （3D） 分形液体的理论基础，探索了涌现对称张量规范理论及其性质。我们还讨论了在基于 Yb 的焦绿石晶格和其他合成量子物质平台中分形子液体的材料实现。