The European Union has a long‐term objective to achieve healthy soils by 2050. The European Commission has proposed a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on Soil Monitoring and Resilience (Soil Monitoring Law, SML), the first stage of which is to focus on setting up a soil monitoring framework and assessing soils throughout the EU. Situated in NW Europe, the UK has substantial experience in soil monitoring over the last half century which may usefully contribute to this wider EU effort. A set of overarching principles have and continue to guide design of national soil monitoring and may prove helpful as other European countries embark on similar monitoring programmes. Therefore, we present the principles of design from five decades of national soil monitoring. The monitoring discussed is based on a stratified‐random design, has matured in support of policy questions, and operates over space and time scales relevant to the SML. The UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology (UKCEH) Countryside Surveys (CS) of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Welsh Government, Environment and Rural Affairs Monitoring and Modelling Programme (ERAMMP) and the England Ecosystem Survey (EES) monitoring programme are national programmes currently operating in the UK. Some important lessons learnt include: adopting a question‐based approach; having a clear robust statistical design for the purpose; selecting indicators that address policy and underlying scientific questions; and selecting indicators that can detect change and use robust and well‐tested methodologies across a wide range of soil and land use types, remaining valid over long time scales, supporting thinking long‐term. Technical lessons learned include the proven cost effectiveness of a stratified‐random design including replication, while adopting a common stratification layer of stable environmental attributes aids comparability between monitoring programmes. Common protocols are vital for future intercomparisons, but a full ecosystem approach that includes co‐located soil and vegetation samples for interpreting a co‐evolving system has proved hugely advantageous. UK monitoring programmes offer a range of experience that may prove valuable to future soil monitoring design to address the major societal challenges of our time, such as maintaining food production and addressing climate change and biodiversity loss.

中文翻译：

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五年的长期土壤监测经验和关键设计原则，协助欧盟土壤健康使命


欧盟的长期目标是到 2050 年实现健康土壤。欧盟委员会提出了欧洲议会和理事会关于土壤监测和恢复力的指令（土壤监测法，SML），第一阶段是重点建立土壤监测框架并评估整个欧盟的土壤。英国位于欧洲西北部，过去半个世纪在土壤监测方面拥有丰富的经验，这可能有助于欧盟更广泛的努力。一套总体原则已经并将继续指导国家土壤监测的设计，并且随着其他欧洲国家开始类似的监测计划，这些原则可能会有所帮助。因此，我们提出了五年来国家土壤监测的设计原则。所讨论的监测基于分层随机设计，在支持政策问题方面已经成熟，并且在与 SML 相关的空间和时间尺度上运行。英国生态与水文中心 (UKCEH) 大不列颠及北爱尔兰乡村调查 (CS)、威尔士政府、环境和农村事务监测和建模计划 (ERAMMP) 以及英格兰生态系统调查 (EES) 监测计划目前均为国家计划在英国运营。一些重要的经验教训包括： 采用基于问题的方法；为此目的有清晰稳健的统计设计；选择解决政策和根本科学问题的指标；选择能够检测变化的指标，并在各种土壤和土地利用类型中使用稳健且经过充分测试的方法，在长期范围内保持有效，支持长期思考。 吸取的技术经验教训包括经过验证的分层随机设计（包括复制）的成本效益，同时采用稳定环境属性的通用分层层有助于监测计划之间的可比性。通用协议对于未来的比较至关重要，但事实证明，包括共置土壤和植被样本以解释共同进化系统的完整生态系统方法具有巨大的优势。英国监测计划提供了一系列经验，这些经验可能对未来的土壤监测设计有价值，以解决我们这个时代的主要社会挑战，例如维持粮食生产和应对气候变化和生物多样性丧失。