Systemic autoimmune rheumatic diseases (SARDs) related pulmonary disease is highly prevalent, with variable clinical presentation and behavior, and thus is associated with poor outcomes and negatively impacts quality of life. Chest high resolution computed tomography (HRCT) is still considered a fundamental imaging tool in the screening, diagnosis, and follow-up of pulmonary disease in patients with SARDs. However, radiation exposure, economic burden, as well as lack of point-of-care CT equipment limits its application in some clinical situation. Ultrasound has found a place in numerous aspects of the rheumatic diseases, including the vasculature, skin, muscle, joints, kidneys and in screening for malignancies. Likewise it has found increasing use in the lungs. In the past two decades, lung ultrasound has started to be used for pulmonary parenchymal diseases such as pneumonia, pulmonary edema, lung fibrosis, pneumothorax, and pleural lesions, although the lung parenchymal was once considered off-limits to ultrasound. Lung ultrasound B-lines and irregularities of the pleural line are now regarded two important sonographic artefacts related to diffuse parenchymal lung disease and they could reflect the lesion extent and severity. However, its role in the management of SARDs related pulmonary involvement has not been fully investigated. This review article will focus on the potential applications of lung ultrasound in different pulmonary scenarios related with SARDs, such as interstitial lung disease, diffuse alveolar hemorrhage, diaphragmatic involvement, and pulmonary infection, in order to explore its value in clinical daily practice.

中文翻译：

---

肺部超声在与肺部受累相关的系统性自身免疫性风湿病中的多功能作用：叙述性回顾


系统性自身免疫性风湿病 (SARD) 相关肺部疾病非常普遍，临床表现和行为各异，因此与不良预后相关，并对生活质量产生负面影响。胸部高分辨率计算机断层扫描 (HRCT) 仍然被认为是 SARD 患者肺部疾病筛查、诊断和随访的基本成像工具。然而，辐射暴露、经济负担以及缺乏床旁CT设备限制了其在某些临床情况下的应用。超声波在风湿性疾病的许多方面都占有一席之地，包括脉管系统、皮肤、肌肉、关节、肾脏以及恶性肿瘤的筛查。同样，它在肺部的使用也越来越多。在过去的二十年里，肺部超声开始应用于肺炎、肺水肿、肺纤维化、气胸和胸膜病变等肺实质疾病，尽管肺实质一度被认为是超声检查的禁区。肺部超声B线和胸膜线不规则现在被认为是与弥漫性肺实质疾病相关的两个重要的超声伪影，它们可以反映病变的范围和严重程度。然而，其在治疗 SARD 相关肺部受累中的作用尚未得到充分研究。本文将重点探讨肺部超声在与 SARD 相关的不同肺部情况（如间质性肺疾病、弥漫性肺泡出血、膈肌受累和肺部感染）中的潜在应用，以探讨其在临床日常实践中的价值。