The present analysis focuses on the material component of time, the devices used for measuring and counting it. The biological basis for subjective, experiential time is first reviewed, as are early strategies found cross-culturally for measuring and counting time objectively. These strategies include timekeeping by natural phenomena, using tallies to keep track of small periods of time, harnessing shadows for daily and annual time, and visualizing time with clocks and calendars. The conclusion then examines how such timekeeping devices might influence the conceptualization of time.

中文翻译：

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 时间的开始

目前的分析侧重于时间的物质成分，用于测量和计数时间的设备。首先回顾了主观体验时间的生物学基础，以及跨文化中发现的客观测量和计算时间的早期策略。这些策略包括通过自然现象计时、使用计数来跟踪小时间段、利用阴影来显示每日和年度时间，以及使用时钟和日历可视化时间。然后，结论研究了这种计时装置如何影响时间的概念化。