Biogas slurry (BS) plays a vital role in improving the efficiency of crop production. On the flip side, the impact of BS on plant lodging factors and yield related traits is still obscure. Hence, we aimed to study the effects of pig and cow BS applications on yield formation, morpho-anatomical, mechanical, physiological properties and transcript expression patterns. The results showed that the yield and lodging resistance of rapeseed were synergistically improved via applying full BS dosage versus nitrogen fertilizer (CK). In addition, the seed yield was significantly increased by 23.9 % by promoting the dry matter accumulation and transport-ability, increasing number of pods by 8.4 % and 1000-seed weight by 5.1 %, respectively. Moreover, BS developed the stem mechanical strength by decreasing lodging index by 34.2 %, which was manifested by an increase in stem thickness and stiffness and a reduction in plant height. Besides, it enhanced the photosynthesis through promoting chlorophyll synthesis, delaying plant senescence, and accumulating N and K concentration. Anatomical observations revealed that BS increased greater number and area of stem vascular bundles, vessels, and maintained a dense microstructure than CK. Also, it boosted pectin, Ca²⁺ and K⁺ contents, which were significantly positively correlated with stem mechanical strength and reduced cellulose, lignin and hemicellulose contents. Meanwhile, correlation and structural equation modeling analysis validated the above results. Additionally, the differentially expressed genes were enriched in cell wall formation pathway, especially about the biosynthesis of pectin (PME, PG and PL), cellulose (CesA and CSL), lignin (PAL, POD, CCR, LAC and COMT) and hemicellulose (XTH and Xyl) were identified under BS. The above-mentioned results indicated that BS simultaneously affected lodging behavior by altering structural carbohydrates and modified yield composition by regulating dry-matter accumulation and allocation. This is the first comprehensive strategy on synchronizing rapeseed yield increase and lodging resistance under optimized BS management.

沼液（BS）对于提高农作物生产效率起着至关重要的作用。另一方面，BS 对植物倒伏因素和产量相关性状的影响仍然不清楚。因此，我们的目的是研究猪和牛 BS 应用对产量形成、形态解剖、机械、生理特性和转录表达模式的影响。结果表明，施用全量BS与氮肥（CK）相比，可协同提高油菜产量和抗倒伏能力。此外，通过促进干物质积累和运输能力，种子产量显着增加23.9%，荚数增加8.4%，千粒重增加5.1%。此外，BS通过将倒伏指数降低34.2%来提高茎的机械强度，这表现为茎厚度和刚度的增加以及株高的降低。此外，它还通过促进叶绿素合成、延缓植物衰老、积累氮钾浓度来增强光合作用。解剖学观察表明，与 CK 相比，BS 增加了更多的茎维管束、血管数量和面积，并保持了致密的微观结构。此外，它还提高了果胶、Ca ²⁺和K ⁺含量，这些物质与茎机械强度呈显着正相关，并降低了纤维素、木质素和半纤维素含量。同时，相关性和结构方程模型分析验证了上述结果。 此外，差异表达基因在细胞壁形成途径中富集，尤其是果胶（ PME、PG和PL ）、纤维素（ CesA和CSL ）、木质素（ PAL、POD、CCR、LAC和COMT ）和半纤维素（PME、PG和PL）的生物合成。 XTH和Xyl ) 在 BS 下被识别。上述结果表明，BS同时通过改变结构碳水化合物影响倒伏行为，并通过调节干物质积累和分配改变产量构成。这是第一个在优化BS管理下同步油菜增产和抗倒伏的综合策略。