The origin of neutrino masses remains unknown. Both the vacuum mass and the dark mass generated by the neutrino interaction with dark matter (DM) particles or fields can fit the current oscillation data. The dark mass squared is proportional to the DM number density and, therefore, varies on the galactic scale with much larger values around the Galactic Center. This affects the group velocity and the arrival time delay of core-collapse supernovae (SN) neutrinos. This time delay, especially for the ${\nu }_e$ neutronization peak with a sharp time structure, can be used to distinguish the vacuum and dark neutrino masses. For illustration, we explore the potential of the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE), which is sensitive to ${\nu }_e$. Our simulations show that DUNE can distinguish the two neutrino mass origins at more than $5\sigma$ C.L., depending on the observed local value of neutrino mass, the neutrino mass ordering, the DM density profile, and the SN location.

中文翻译：

---

用超新星-中微子时间延迟测试中微子质量的起源


中微子质量的起源仍然未知。真空质量和中微子与暗物质（DM）粒子或场相互作用产生的暗质量都可以拟合当前的振荡数据。暗质量的平方与 DM 数密度成正比，因此在银河系尺度上变化，银河系中心周围的值要大得多。这会影响核心塌缩超新星 (SN) 中微子的群速度和到达时间延迟。这个时间延迟，尤其是对于 ${\nu }_e$ 中子化峰具有尖锐的时间结构，可用于区分真空和暗中微子质量。为了说明这一点，我们探索了深层地下中微子实验（DUNE）的潜力，该实验对 ${\nu }_e$ 。我们的模拟表明 DUNE 可以区分两个中微子质量起源 $5\sigma$ CL，取决于观测到的中微子质量的局部值、中微子质量排序、DM 密度分布和 SN 位置。