Multiscale particle size functional pesticide carriers can provide more efficient protection for plants, but this protection is difficult to achieve via single-scale formulation technology. This study presents a novel one-step method for the preparation of lignin-based micro/nanocapsules with controllable proportions within a unified system. This strategy enables the adjustment of the proportion of nanocapsules to between 18.81% and 85.21%. The microcapsules (MCs) vary in diameter from 2 to 3 µm, whereas the nanocapsules (NCs) span from 160 to 220 nm, with an encapsulation efficiency exceeding 90%. An increased proportion of NCs in the system leads to faster release, heightened sensitivity to UV light, and enhanced penetration into the leaves. During Phytophthora capsici (P. capsici) infection, the NCs in the leaves interact with the defensive enzymes of the plant to quickly respond. Moreover, an optimal balance of MCs and NCs is key to effective fungicide use, not just a higher concentration of NCs. A 65:35 ratio of NCs to MCs ensures effective inhibition of P. capsici outside leaves and a rapid response to leaf invasion. This study enhances fungicide efficiency and advances the development of nanoresponsive fungicides to promote sustainable agricultural practices.

中文翻译：

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自发形成的比率可调微胶囊和纳米胶囊共存系统，用于在作物叶中精确和按需输送杀菌剂


多尺度粒径功能性农药载体可以为植物提供更有效的保护，但这种保护很难通过单一尺度配方技术实现。本研究提出了一种新颖的一步法，用于在统一系统内制备具有可控比例的木质素基微/纳米胶囊。该策略能够将纳米胶囊的比例调整到 18.81% 到 85.21% 之间。微胶囊 （MC） 的直径为 2 至 3 μm，而纳米胶囊 （NC） 的直径为 160 至 220 nm，包封效率超过 90%。系统中 NC 比例的增加导致释放更快，对紫外线的敏感性更高，并增强对叶片的渗透。在辣椒疫霉 （P. capsici） 感染期间，叶片中的 NCs 与植物的防御酶相互作用以快速响应。此外，MC 和 NC 的最佳平衡是有效使用杀菌剂的关键，而不仅仅是更高浓度的 NC。NCs 与 MCs 的比例为 65：35，确保有效抑制叶外的辣椒，并对叶片入侵做出快速反应。这项研究提高了杀菌剂的效率，并推动了纳米响应性杀菌剂的开发，以促进可持续的农业实践。