On-skin electronics rely on flexible power sources for stable operation and comfortable wearing. However, the current materials and device designs of on-skin batteries for human-interface electronic systems suffer from inadequate adhesion and impermeability. In this work, a general design of a bioadhesive and breathable on-skin flexible metal-air battery is presented. By laterally loading a conducting polymer-based cathode and a zinc anode onto a biocompatible silk fibroin ionic hydrogel electrolyte film, the battery exhibits good epidermal adhesions (shear strength exceeds 20 kPa and interface toughness exceeds 150 J m⁻²) and excellent sweat breathability (3 times greater than commercial 3 M breathable dressing). A singular battery can generate an open circuit voltage of up to 1.4 V and a power density of 72 µW cm⁻². It shows stable adhesion to the skin for five days, while simultaneously preserving epidermal respiratory function and facilitating natural skin movement. On-skin integration of the battery array can be easily conducted to increase the electrical output. This battery design enhances the usability, comfort, and safety of wearable electronics, enabling new applications in healthcare, fitness tracking, and beyond.

中文翻译：

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一种基于丝素蛋白水凝胶的柔性、生物粘附性和透气性皮肤电池，用于可穿戴电子产品


皮肤上的电子设备依靠灵活的电源来实现稳定的运行和舒适的佩戴。然而，目前用于人机界面电子系统的皮肤电池材料和器件设计存在附着力和抗渗性不足的问题。在这项工作中，提出了一种生物粘附和透气的皮肤柔性金属空气电池的总体设计。通过将导电聚合物基阴极和锌阳极横向加载到生物相容性丝素蛋白离子水凝胶电解质膜上，电池表现出良好的表皮粘附力（剪切强度超过 20 kPa，界面韧性超过 150 J ^m-2）和出色的汗气透气性（比商用 3 M 透气敷料高 3 倍）。单个电池可以产生高达 1.4 V 的开路电压和 72 μW ^cm-2 的功率密度。它显示出与皮肤的稳定粘附 5 天，同时保留表皮呼吸功能并促进皮肤自然运动。可以很容易地进行电池阵列的皮肤集成，以增加电力输出。这种电池设计增强了可穿戴电子设备的可用性、舒适性和安全性，使医疗保健、健身追踪等领域的新应用成为可能。