This study aims to extend and investigate how external factors (socioeconomic and demographic characteristics, EV-related policy mechanisms, transportation, and climate conditions) influence the actual adoption of battery electric vehicles (BEVs). Using panel data from 49 U.S. states from 2011 to 2020, we estimate a dynamic spatial Durbin model under the space fixed effect to examine the effects of these attributes on BEV adoption in the neighboring states. The results of the analysis suggest that purchase incentives, the number of public charging stations, gasoline prices, and the Hispanic or Latino population, respectively, have positive total effects on state BEV adoption rates in both the short- and long-term. Particularly, the number of public charging stations has positive direct and indirect effects in both the short- and long-term. Gasoline prices have positive spillover effects in both the short- and long-term. The long-term effects of the three characteristics on BEV adoption are greater than their short-term effects. Based on our findings, this study can provide state officials with practical directions and recommendations to help them allocate their resources and implement timely and appropriate regulations, as well as collaborations between states to increase the penetration rates of zero-emission vehicles (ZEVs).

中文翻译：

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外部因素对美国零排放汽车采用影响的研究


本研究旨在扩展和调查外部因素（社会经济和人口特征、与 EV 相关的政策机制、交通和气候条件）如何影响电池电动汽车 （BEV） 的实际采用。使用 2011 年至 2020 年美国 49 个州的面板数据，我们估计了空间固定效应下的动态空间 Durbin 模型，以检查这些属性对邻州 BEV 采用的影响。分析结果表明，购买激励措施、公共充电站数量、汽油价格以及西班牙裔或拉丁裔人口分别对各州 BEV 的采用率产生短期和长期的积极总影响。特别是，公共充电站的数量在短期和长期内都有积极的直接和间接影响。汽油价格在短期和长期内都有积极的溢出效应。这三个特征对 BEV 采用的长期影响大于其短期影响。根据我们的研究结果，这项研究可以为州官员提供实用的方向和建议，帮助他们分配资源并实施及时和适当的法规，以及州之间的合作以提高零排放车辆 （ZEV） 的渗透率。