Bacteriophages are abundant components of vertebrate gut microbial communities, impacting bacteriome dynamics, evolution, and directly interacting with the superhost. However, knowledge about gut phageomes and their interaction with bacteriomes in vertebrates under natural conditions is limited to humans and non-human primates. Widely used specific-pathogen-free (SPF) mouse models of host-microbiota interactions have altered gut bacteriomes compared to wild mice, and data on phageomes from wild or other non-SPF mice are lacking. We demonstrate divergent gut phageomes and bacteriomes in wild and captive non-SPF mice, with wild mice phageomes exhibiting higher alpha-diversity and interindividual variability. In both groups, phageome and bacteriome structuring mirrored each other, correlating at the individual level. Re-analysis of previous data from phageomes of SPF mice revealed their enrichment in Suoliviridae crAss-like phages compared to our non-SPF mice. Disrupted bacteriomes in mouse models can be treated by transplanting healthy phageomes, but the effects of phageome transplants on healthy adult gut microbiota are still unknown. We show that experimental transplantation of phageomes from wild to captive mice did not cause major shifts in recipient phageomes. However, the convergence of recipient-to-donor phageomes confirmed that wild phages can integrate into recipient communities. The differences in the subset of integrated phages between the two recipient mouse strains illustrate the context-dependent effects of phage transplantation. The transplantation did not impact recipient gut bacteriomes. This resilience of healthy adult gut microbiomes to the intervention has implications for phage allotransplantation safety.

中文翻译：

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野生小鼠噬菌体移植到圈养家鼠体内后肠道噬菌体群落的收敛，但细菌群落的收敛


噬菌体是脊椎动物肠道微生物群落的丰富组成部分，影响细菌组动力学、进化并与超宿主直接相互作用。然而，关于自然条件下肠道噬菌组及其与脊椎动物中细菌组相互作用的知识仅限于人类和非人类灵长类动物。与野生小鼠相比，广泛使用的宿主-微生物群相互作用的无特异性病原体 （SPF） 小鼠模型改变了肠道细菌组，并且缺乏来自野生或其他非 SPF 小鼠的噬菌组的数据。我们在野生和圈养非 SPF 小鼠中展示了不同的肠道噬菌组和细菌组，野生小鼠噬菌组表现出更高的 α 多样性和个体间变异性。在这两组中，噬菌组和细菌组结构相互镜像，在个体水平上相关。对 SPF 小鼠噬菌群的先前数据进行重新分析，发现与我们的非 SPF 小鼠相比，它们在 Suoliviridae crAss 样噬菌体中富集。小鼠模型中被破坏的细菌组可以通过移植健康的噬菌群来治疗，但噬菌体移植对健康成人肠道微生物群的影响仍然未知。我们表明，从野生小鼠到圈养小鼠的噬菌体实验移植并不会导致受体噬菌体的重大变化。然而，受体与供体噬菌体的趋同证实了野生噬菌体可以整合到受体群落中。两种受体小鼠品系之间整合噬菌体子集的差异说明了噬菌体移植的环境依赖性效应。移植不影响受者肠道细菌组。健康成人肠道微生物组对干预的这种恢复力对噬菌体同种异体移植的安全性有影响。