Bacteriophages are abundant components of vertebrate gut microbial communities, impacting bacteriome dynamics, evolution, and directly interacting with the superhost. However, knowledge about gut phageomes and their interaction with bacteriomes in vertebrates under natural conditions is limited to humans and non-human primates. Widely used specific pathogen-free (SPF) mouse models of host-microbiota interactions have altered gut bacteriomes compared to wild mice, and data on phageomes from wild or other non-SPF mice are lacking. We demonstrate divergent gut phageomes and bacteriomes in wild and captive non-SPF mice, with wild mice phageomes exhibiting higher alpha-diversity and interindividual variability. In both groups, phageome and bacteriome structuring mirrored each other, correlating at the individual level. Re-analysis of previous data from phageomes of SPF mice revealed their enrichment in Suoliviridae crAss-like phages compared to our non-SPF mice. Disrupted bacteriomes in mouse models can be treated by transplanting healthy phageomes, but the effects of phageome transplants on healthy adult gut microbiota are still unknown. We show that experimental transplantation of phageomes from wild to captive mice did not cause major shifts in recipient phageomes. However, the convergence of recipient-to-donor phageomes confirmed that wild phages can integrate into recipient communities. The differences in the subset of integrated phages between the two recipient mouse strains illustrate the context-dependent effects of phage transplantation. The transplantation did not impact recipient gut bacteriomes. This resilience of healthy adult gut microbiomes to the intervention has implications for phage allotransplantation safety.

中文翻译：

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将野生小鼠噬菌体移植到圈养小鼠体内后，肠道噬菌体群落聚集，但细菌群落没有聚集


噬菌体是脊椎动物肠道微生物群落的丰富组成部分，影响细菌组动态、进化并与超级宿主直接相互作用。然而，关于自然条件下脊椎动物肠道噬菌体及其与细菌组相互作用的知识仅限于人类和非人类灵长类动物。与野生小鼠相比，广泛使用的宿主-微生物群相互作用的特定无病原体 (SPF) 小鼠模型改变了肠道细菌组，并且缺乏来自野生或其他非 SPF 小鼠的噬菌体数据。我们在野生和圈养非 SPF 小鼠中证明了不同的肠道噬菌体和细菌组，其中野生小鼠噬菌体表现出更高的 α 多样性和个体间变异性。在两组中，噬菌体组和细菌组结构相互镜像，在个体水平上相关。对 SPF 小鼠噬菌体组先前数据的重新分析表明，与我们的非 SPF 小鼠相比，它们富含 Suoliviridae crAss 样噬菌体。小鼠模型中受损的细菌组可以通过移植健康的噬菌体组来治疗，但噬菌体移植对健康成年肠道微生物群的影响仍不清楚。我们表明，将噬菌体从野生小鼠移植到圈养小鼠的实验并没有引起受体噬菌体的重大变化。然而，受体与供体噬菌体的融合证实野生噬菌体可以融入受体群落。两种受体小鼠品系之间整合噬菌体子集的差异说明了噬菌体移植的环境依赖性效应。移植不会影响受体肠道细菌组。健康成人肠道微生物组对干预的这种恢复能力对噬菌体同种异体移植的安全性具有影响。