Bisphenol A analogues are largely used plasticisers that are going to replace bisphenol A in many sectors. Due to this replacement, their discharge and presence in the marine coastal areas are increasing, with unknown consequences for organisms and the trophic chain. This study assessed the effects of three different bisphenols (BPAF, BPF and BPS) - alone or as a mixture - provided via food (exposed clams) to the crab Carcinus aestuarii. First, clams were exposed for two weeks to 300 ng/L of each of the three bisphenols and their mixture (100 ng/L of each) to allow the bioaccumulation of the contaminants in bivalves. Then, crabs were fed for two weeks with BPA analogue-exposed clams, while unexposed clams were used to feed control crabs. After 7 and 14 days, haemolymph, gills and hepatopancreas were collected from crabs to measure a battery of biomarkers indicative of cytotoxicity, oxidative stress and damage, neurotoxicity, physiological performance (respiration and excretion rate) and electron transport system activity. Lastly, bioaccumulation of BPA analogues was assessed by UHPLC-HRMS in crabs. Our findings revealed that BPA analogue-exposed clams were able to alter total haemocyte count, haemocyte size and their proliferation. The activity of immune enzymes, such as phosphatases and phenoloxidase was altered. Moreover, we observed an impairment of antioxidant and detoxifying enzymes like SOD, CAT, GST and GPX activities. Alterations of metabolism-involved enzymes and physiological parameters and increased oxidative damage to macromolecules like proteins, lipids, and DNA were also observed in crabs. Among BPA analogues, only bioaccumulation of BPAF, which has the highest Logkow value among the tested bisphenols, was evidenced in crabs. Overall, the obtained results indicated that crabs, under the tested experimental conditions at least, underwent alterations in cellular, biochemical and physiological responses following a diet of bisphenol-exposed clams, suggesting a potential ecotoxicological risk in the marine food chain.

中文翻译：

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一种多生物标志物方法，用于评估 BPA 类似物污染饮食对螃蟹 Carcinus aestuarii 的影响


双酚 A 类似物是主要使用的增塑剂，将在许多领域取代双酚 A。由于这种替代，它们在海洋沿海地区的排放和存在正在增加，对生物体和营养链的影响尚不清楚。本研究评估了三种不同的双酚（BPAF、BPF 和 BPS）——单独或作为混合物——通过食物（暴露的蛤蜊）提供给螃蟹 Carcinus aestuarii 的效果。首先，将蛤蜊暴露于三种双酚及其混合物（每种 100 ng/L）中每种 300 ng/L 的浓度下两周，以使污染物在双壳类中进行生物积累。然后，用暴露于 BPA 类似物的蛤蜊喂养螃蟹两周，而未暴露的蛤蜊用于喂养对照螃蟹。7 天和 14 天后，从螃蟹中收集血淋巴、鳃和肝胰腺，以测量指示细胞毒性、氧化应激和损伤、神经毒性、生理性能（呼吸和排泄率）和电子传递系统活性的一系列生物标志物。最后，通过 UHPLC-HRMS 评估 BPA 类似物在螃蟹中的生物积累。我们的研究结果表明，暴露于 BPA 类似物的蛤蜊能够改变总血细胞计数、血细胞大小及其增殖。免疫酶（如磷酸酶和酚氧化酶）的活性发生改变。此外，我们观察到抗氧化和解毒酶（如 SOD、CAT、GST 和 GPX 活性）受损。在螃蟹中还观察到涉及新陈代谢的酶和生理参数的改变以及对蛋白质、脂质和 DNA 等大分子的氧化损伤增加。在 BPA 类似物中，只有 BPAF 的生物蓄积性，在测试的双酚中具有最高的 Logkow 值，在螃蟹中被证明。 总体而言，获得的结果表明，至少在测试的实验条件下，螃蟹在食用暴露于双酚的蛤蜊后，细胞、生化和生理反应发生了变化，这表明海洋食物链中存在潜在的生态毒理学风险。