In this article, a single-board integrated millimeter-wave (mm-Wave) asymmetric full-digital beamforming (AFDBF) array is developed for beyond-fifth-generation (B5G) and sixth-generation (6G) communications. The proposed integrated array effectively addresses the challenge of arranging a large number of ports in a full-digital array by designing vertical connections in a three-dimensional space and successfully integrating full-digital transmitting (Tx) and receiving (Rx) arrays independently in a single board. Unlike the traditional symmetric array, the proposed asymmetric array is composed of an 8 × 8 Tx array arranged in a square shape and an 8 + 8 Rx array arranged in an L shape. The center-to-center distance between two adjacent elements is 0.54λ0 for both the Tx and Rx arrays, where λ0 is the free-space wavelength at 27 GHz. The proposed AFDBF array possesses a more compact structure and lower system hardware cost and power consumption compared with conventional brick-type full-digital arrays. In addition, the energy efficiency of the proposed AFDBF array outperforms that of a hybrid beamforming array. The measurement results indicate that the operating frequency band of the proposed array is 24.25–29.50 GHz. An eight-element linear array within the Tx array can achieve a scanning angle ranging from −47° to +47° in both the azimuth and the elevation planes, and the measured scanning range of each eight-element Rx array is –45° to +45°. The measured maximum effective isotropic radiated power (EIRP) of the eight-element Tx array is 43.2 dBm at 28.0 GHz (considering the saturation point). Furthermore, the measured error vector magnitude (EVM) is less than 3% when 64-quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) waveforms are used.

中文翻译：

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用于 B5G/6G 应用的单板集成毫米波非对称全数字波束成形阵列


在本文中，开发了一种单板集成毫米波 （mm-Wave） 非对称全数字波束成形 （AFDBF） 阵列，用于超越第五代 （B5G） 和第六代 （6G） 通信。所提出的集成阵列通过在三维空间中设计垂直连接并成功地将全数字发射 （Tx） 和接收 （Rx） 阵列独立集成到单个电路板中，有效地解决了在全数字阵列中布置大量端口的挑战。与传统的对称阵列不同，所提出的非对称阵列由一个呈正方形排列的 8 × 8 Tx 阵列和一个呈 L 形排列的 8 + 8 Rx 阵列组成。对于 Tx 和 Rx 阵列，两个相邻元件之间的中心到中心距离均为 0.54λ0，其中 λ0 是 27 GHz 时的自由空间波长。与传统的砖型全数字阵列相比，所提出的 AFDBF 阵列具有更紧凑的结构、更低的系统硬件成本和功耗。此外，所提出的 AFDBF 阵列的能效优于混合波束赋形阵列。测量结果表明，所提出的阵列的工作频段为 24.25–29.50 GHz。Tx 阵列中的八晶片线性阵列可以在方位角和仰角平面上实现 −47° 至 +47° 的扫描角度，每个八晶片 Rx 阵列的测量扫描范围为 –45° 至 +45°。在 28.0 GHz 时，八元件 Tx 阵列测得的最大有效全向辐射功率 （EIRP） 为 43.2 dBm（考虑饱和点）。此外，当使用 64 正交幅度调制 （QAM） 波形时，测得的误差矢量幅度 （EVM） 小于 3%。