Climate change (CC), a long-term change in the average weather patterns that determine the Earth's climate, has a large and significant impact on agricultural systems, especially in Mediterranean climate regions (MCRs), which are characterized by mild and wet winters and warm and dry summers with increased drought and high temperature events, water deficits, and changes in precipitation patterns. Global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from anthropogenic activities have increased by an average of almost 1.5 % per year since 1990 reaching a level of 53.8 Gt CO2-eq in 2022. CC can also significantly influence the timing and methods of pesticide application through changes in pest and disease occurrence and alterations in crop characteristics in these regions. Global pesticide consumption in agriculture worldwide in 2021 was 3.54 Mt of active ingredients, an increase of 11 % in a decade and a doubling since 1990. In this study, the main variables affecting agriculture and pesticide use under CC in MCRs were assessed. It is important to note that the challenges related to the impact of CC on agricultural practices and the necessary adaptation measures to be implemented are influenced not only by climatic factors but also by other variables, such as soil type and agroclimatic zone. The data used for this review were obtained from the Web of Science (WoS) database from the beginning of the century to the present (2001–2023). Our findings show that finance, technology and international cooperation are the key enablers of accelerated climate action. Achieving deep and lasting reductions in GHG emissions and securing a livable and sustainable future for all people will require rapid and deep transformations across all sectors and systems. CC has large negative impacts on the agricultural sector, such as reduced crop quantity and quality due to temperature increases, water scarcity and other negative environmental impacts. In addition, the use of pesticides and their environmental fate may be significantly affected by CC. Therefore, agricultural adaptation should be a priority in MCRs to improve crop performance and resilience to environmental pressures caused by CC. These changes may affect the behavior and fate of pesticides in soil and water, potentially leading to environmental pollution and negative impacts on human and ecosystem health. The local climate will clearly determine which areas are suitable for growing certain crops, potentially leading to changes in agricultural practices and pest management strategies. All these findings highlight the complex and multifaceted relationships among CC, agriculture and pesticide use and emphasize the need for comprehensive strategies to address the challenges posed by changing environmental conditions on agricultural practices and pest management in MCRs.

中文翻译：

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气候变化情景下地中海地区农业和农药使用的调整：全面回顾


气候变化 （CC） 是决定地球气候的平均天气模式的长期变化，对农业系统产生巨大而重大的影响，尤其是在地中海气候区 （MCR），其特点是冬季温和潮湿，夏季温暖干燥，干旱和高温事件增加，缺水和降水模式发生变化。自 1990 年以来，全球人为活动产生的温室气体 （GHG） 排放量平均每年增加近 1.5%，到 2022 年达到 53.8 Gt CO2-eq 的水平。CC 还可以通过改变这些地区的病虫害发生以及改变作物特性来显著影响农药施用的时间和方法。2021 年全球农业农药消费量为 3.54 公吨活性成分，十年内增长了 11%，自 1990 年以来翻了一番。在本研究中，评估了 MCR 中 CC 下影响农业和农药使用的主要变量。值得注意的是，与 CC 对农业实践的影响和要实施的必要适应措施相关的挑战不仅受到气候因素的影响，还受到其他变量的影响，例如土壤类型和农业气候带。本综述使用的数据来自本世纪初至今（2001-2023 年）的 Web of Science （WoS） 数据库。我们的研究结果表明，金融、技术和国际合作是加速气候行动的关键推动因素。实现深度和持久的温室气体排放减少，确保所有人拥有宜居和可持续的未来，需要所有部门和系统进行快速而深入的转型。 CC 对农业部门有很大的负面影响，例如由于温度升高、水资源短缺和其他负面环境影响而导致的作物数量和质量下降。此外，杀虫剂的使用及其环境归宿可能会受到 CC 的重大影响。因此，农业适应应成为 MCR 的优先事项，以提高作物性能和对 CC 引起的环境压力的适应能力。这些变化可能会影响农药在土壤和水中的行为和归宿，可能导致环境污染以及对人类和生态系统健康的负面影响。当地气候将明确决定哪些地区适合种植某些作物，这可能会导致农业实践和害虫管理策略发生变化。所有这些发现都强调了 CC、农业和农药使用之间复杂和多方面的关系，并强调需要制定综合战略来应对不断变化的环境条件对 MCR 农业实践和害虫管理带来的挑战。