In recent years, flying ad hoc networks (FANET), formed from unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), have absorbed the attention of academic and industrial research communities due to their many applications in military and civilian fields. FANETs benefit from unique features, including highly moving UAVs and dynamic topological structure. Therefore, most existing routing protocols, such as the greedy perimeter stateless routing (GPSR), are not compatible with the FANET environment and its specific features. To improve the performance of GPSR in FANET, it is important to address several challenges, namely the selection of the right period for broadcasting hello messages in the network, the selection of the right criteria for selecting the next-hop node, and the improvement of reliability in the data transfer process. In this paper, an adaptive and multi-path greedy perimeter stateless routing (AM-GPSR) protocol is suggested in FANETs. It includes two new strategies, namely adaptive hello strategy and multi-path greedy forwarding strategy. The adaptive hello strategy defines a special hello broadcast period for each UAV according to its speed and error between two estimated and actual positions. Furthermore, the greedy forwarding strategy carries out a filtering operation on candidate nodes and eliminates border UAVs and those that are far from the destination. Then, candidate UAVs are prioritized based on the time to reach the destination and buffer capacity, and UAVs with higher priorities are chosen to send data packets. Finally, AM-GPSR applies a greedy multi-path forwarding strategy to increase reliability in the data transmission process. Lastly, the simulation of AM-GPSR is done via the network simulator version 2 (NS2) to evaluate its performance. This evaluation process includes two different scenarios, i.e. change in the speed of UAVs and change in their communication range. In this process, AM-GPSR is compared with three other methods, namely the aerial greedy geographic routing (AGGR) protocol, the geolocation assisted aeronautical routing protocol (AeroRP), and GPSR. This comparison shows the successful performance of AM-GPSR in terms of delivery success rate, throughput, and delay. Although the control overhead of the proposed method is more than that of AGGR.

中文翻译：

---

飞行 Ad Hoc 网络中的自适应多路径贪婪边界无状态路由协议


近年来，由无人机 （UAV） 组成的飞行自组网 （FANET） 因其在军事和民用领域的广泛应用而受到学术和工业研究界的关注。FANET 受益于独特的功能，包括高度移动的无人机和动态拓扑结构。因此，大多数现有的路由协议，例如贪婪边界无状态路由 （GPSR），与 FANET 环境及其特定功能不兼容。为了提高 FANET 中 GPSR 的性能，必须解决几个挑战，即选择在网络中广播 hello 消息的正确周期，选择选择下一跃点节点的正确标准，以及提高数据传输过程中的可靠性。在本文中，在 FANET 中提出了一种自适应和多路径贪婪边界无状态路由 （AM-GPSR） 协议。它包括两个新策略，即自适应 hello 策略和多路径贪婪转发策略。自适应 hello 策略根据无人机的速度和两个估计位置和实际位置之间的误差，为每架无人机定义一个特殊的 hello 广播周期。此外，贪婪转发策略对候选节点执行过滤操作，并消除边界无人机和远离目的地的无人机。然后，根据到达目的地的时间和缓冲容量对候选无人机进行优先级排序，并选择优先级较高的无人机发送数据包。最后，AM-GPSR 应用贪婪多路径转发策略来提高数据传输过程的可靠性。最后，AM-GPSR 的仿真是通过网络模拟器版本 2 （NS2） 完成的，以评估其性能。 该评估过程包括两种不同的场景，即无人机速度的变化及其通信范围的变化。在此过程中，AM-GPSR 与其他三种方法进行了比较，即空中贪婪地理路由 （AGGR） 协议、地理位置辅助航空路由协议 （AeroRP） 和 GPSR。这种比较显示了 AM-GPSR 在交付成功率、吞吐量和延迟方面的成功表现。尽管所提出的方法的控制开销大于 AGGR。