With the amplification of digitization, the surge in multimedia content, such as text, video, audio, and images, is incredible. Concomitantly, the incidence of multimedia tampering is also apparently increasing. Digital watermarking (DW) is the means of achieving privacy and authentication of the received content while preserving integrity and copyright. Literature has produced a plethora of state-of-the-art DW techniques to achieve the right balance between its performance measuring parameters, including high imperceptibility, increased watermarking ability, and tamper-free recovery. Meanwhile, during the vertex of DW, scientific advances in quantum computing led to the emergence of quantum-based watermarking. Though quantum watermarking (QW) is in its nascent stage, it has become captivating among researchers to dive deep inside it. This study not only investigates the performance of existing DW techniques but also extensively assesses the recently devised QW techniques. It further presents how the principles of quantum entanglement and superposition can be decisive in achieving superior immunity against several watermarking attacks. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the unique one to present a comprehensive review of both DW as well as QW techniques. Therefore, the facts presented in this study could be a baseline for the researchers to devise a novel DW or QW technique.

中文翻译：

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数字水印到量子水印：从过去到现在再到未来的旅程


随着数字化的发展，文本、视频、音频和图像等多媒体内容的激增令人难以置信。与此同时，多媒体篡改的发生率也明显增加。数字水印 (DW) 是一种在保留完整性和版权的同时实现接收内容的隐私和身份验证的方法。文献已经产生了大量最先进的 DW 技术，以在其性能测量参数之间实现适当的平衡，包括高隐蔽性、增强的水印能力和防篡改恢复。与此同时，在 DW 的巅峰时期，量子计算的科学进步导致了基于量子的水印的出现。尽管量子水印（QW）还处于起步阶段，但它已经吸引了研究人员对其进行深入研究。这项研究不仅调查了现有 DW 技术的性能，还广泛评估了最近设计的 QW 技术。它还进一步介绍了量子纠缠和叠加原理如何在实现对多种水印攻击的卓越免疫力方面发挥决定性作用。据我们所知，这项研究是对 DW 和 QW 技术进行全面回顾的唯一研究。因此，本研究中提出的事实可以作为研究人员设计新型 DW 或 QW 技术的基线。