Viral diseases have been present throughout human history, with early examples including influenza (1500 B.C.), smallpox (1000 B.C.), and measles (200 B.C.). The term "virus" was first used in the late 1800s to describe microorganisms smaller than bacteria, and significant milestones include the discovery of the polio virus and the development of its vaccine in the mid-1900s, and the identification of HIV/AIDS in the latter part of the 20th century. The 21st century has seen the emergence of new viral diseases such as West Nile Virus, Zika, SARS, MERS, and COVID-19. Human activities, including crowding, travel, poor sanitation, and environmental changes like deforestation and climate change, significantly influence the spread of these diseases. Conversely, viral diseases can impact the environment by polluting water resources, contributing to deforestation, and reducing biodiversity. These environmental impacts are exacerbated by disruptions in global supply chains and increased demands for resources. This review highlights the intricate relationship between viral diseases and environmental factors, emphasizing how human activities and viral disease progression influence each other. The findings underscore the need for integrated approaches to address the environmental determinants of viral diseases and mitigate their impacts on both health and ecosystems.

中文翻译：

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病毒性疾病与环境的关系


病毒性疾病贯穿整个人类历史，早期的例子包括流感（公元前 1500 年）、天花（公元前 1000 年）和麻疹（公元前 200 年）。“病毒”一词在 1800 年代后期首次用于描述比细菌小的微生物，重要的里程碑包括 1900 年代中期脊髓灰质炎病毒的发现及其疫苗的开发，以及 20 世纪下半叶艾滋病毒/艾滋病的鉴定。21 世纪出现了新的病毒性疾病，例如西尼罗河病毒、寨卡病毒、SARS、MERS 和 COVID-19。人类活动，包括拥挤、旅行、恶劣的卫生条件以及森林砍伐和气候变化等环境变化，都会显著影响这些疾病的传播。相反，病毒性疾病会通过污染水资源、导致森林砍伐和减少生物多样性来影响环境。全球供应链中断和资源需求增加加剧了这些环境影响。这篇综述强调了病毒性疾病与环境因素之间的复杂关系，强调了人类活动和病毒性疾病进展如何相互影响。研究结果强调，需要采取综合方法来解决病毒性疾病的环境决定因素，并减轻其对健康和生态系统的影响。