Non-lethal biomonitoring should provide an innovative approach to establish bioethical protocols for the management of both aquaculture and wild fisheries resources. We aimed to assess non-lethal biomarkers in Piaractus mesopotamicus caged in a rice field during a bifenthrin (BF) application. We analyzed parameters related to the immune system, energy metabolism and oxidative stress in fish skin mucus and blood plasma. Fish exposed to BF showed a significant increase in skin mucus glucose levels and the enzymatic activities of protease, alkaline phosphatase and superoxide dismutase. Regarding plasmatic parameters, BF increased the levels of glucose, total protein and albumin, but decreased triglycerides. In addition, increased activities of lysozyme and alkaline phosphatase were found in the blood plasma of exposed fish. Our results indicated an increased energy demand, altered immune function and a mild oxidative stress response in fish exposed in situ to BF. We have shown that skin mucus and blood plasma are very promising matrices for the development of non-lethal biomarkers to assess fish health in a stressed environment.

中文翻译：

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非致命性生物标志物作为鱼类健康评估的有前途的工具：原位暴露联苯菊酯作为案例研究


非致命生物监测应提供一种创新方法，为水产养殖和野生渔业资源的管理建立生物伦理协议。我们旨在评估在联苯菊酯 （BF） 应用期间笼在稻田中的 Piaractus mesopotamicus 中的非致命生物标志物。我们分析了与鱼皮粘液和血浆中的免疫系统、能量代谢和氧化应激相关的参数。暴露于 BF 的鱼显示皮肤粘液葡萄糖水平和蛋白酶、碱性磷酸酶和超氧化物歧化酶的酶活性显着增加。关于血浆参数，BF 增加了葡萄糖、总蛋白和白蛋白的水平，但降低了甘油三酯。此外，在暴露鱼类的血浆中发现溶菌酶和碱性磷酸酶的活性增加。我们的结果表明，原位暴露于 BF 的鱼能量需求增加、免疫功能改变和轻微的氧化应激反应。我们已经表明，皮肤粘液和血浆是非常有前途的基质，可用于开发非致命生物标志物，以评估压力环境中鱼类的健康状况。