Nature Reviews Neurology ( IF 28.2 ) Pub Date : 2024-09-13 , DOI: 10.1038/s41582-024-01014-1 Akiyuki Uzawa 1 , Frederike Cosima Oertel 2, 3 , Masahiro Mori 1 , Friedemann Paul 2, 3 , Satoshi Kuwabara 1
Neuromyelitis optica (NMO) spectrum disorder (NMOSD) is a relapsing inflammatory disease of the CNS, characterized by the presence of serum aquaporin 4 (AQP4) autoantibodies (AQP4-IgGs) and core clinical manifestations such as optic neuritis, myelitis, and brain or brainstem syndromes. Some people exhibit clinical characteristics of NMOSD but test negative for AQP4-IgG, and a subset of these individuals are now recognized to have serum autoantibodies against myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) — a condition termed MOG antibody-associated disease (MOGAD). Therefore, the concept of NMOSD is changing, with a disease spectrum emerging that includes AQP4-IgG-seropositive NMOSD, MOGAD and double-seronegative NMOSD. MOGAD shares features with NMOSD, including optic neuritis and myelitis, but has distinct pathophysiology, clinical profiles, neuroimaging findings (including acute disseminated encephalomyelitis and/or cortical encephalitis) and biomarkers. AQP4-IgG-seronegative NMOSD seems to be a heterogeneous condition and requires further study. MOGAD can manifest as either a monophasic or a relapsing disease, whereas NMOSD is usually relapsing. This Review summarizes the history and current concepts of NMOSD and MOGAD, comparing epidemiology, clinical features, neuroimaging, pathology and immunology. In addition, we discuss new monoclonal antibody therapies for AQP4-IgG-seropositive NMOSD that target complement, B cells or IL-6 receptors, which might be applied to MOGAD in the near future.
中文翻译:
NMOSD 和 MOGAD:不断发展的疾病谱
视神经脊髓炎 (NMO) 谱系疾病 (NMOSD) 是一种复发性中枢神经系统炎症性疾病,其特征是存在血清水通道蛋白 4 (AQP4) 自身抗体 (AQP4-IgG) 和核心临床表现,例如视神经炎、脊髓炎和脑或脑干综合征。有些人表现出 NMOSD 的临床特征,但 AQP4-IgG 检测呈阴性,这些人中的一部分现在被认为具有针对髓鞘少突胶质细胞糖蛋白 (MOG) 的血清自身抗体——这种情况称为 MOG 抗体相关疾病 (MOGAD)。因此,NMOSD 的概念正在发生变化,出现了包括 AQP4-IgG 血清阳性 NMOSD、MOGAD 和双血清阴性 NMOSD 在内的疾病谱。MOGAD 与 NMOSD 具有共同的特征,包括视神经炎和脊髓炎,但具有不同的病理生理学、临床特征、神经影像学表现(包括急性播散性脑脊髓炎和/或皮质性脑炎)和生物标志物。AQP4-IgG 血清阴性 NMOSD 似乎是一种异质性疾病,需要进一步研究。MOGAD 可表现为单相或复发性疾病,而 NMOSD 通常是复发性的。本综述总结了 NMOSD 和 MOGAD 的历史和当前概念,比较了流行病学、临床特征、神经影像学、病理学和免疫学。此外,我们还讨论了针对 AQP4-IgG 血清阳性 NMOSD 的新型单克隆抗体疗法,这些疗法靶向补体、B 细胞或 IL-6 受体,这些疗法可能在不久的将来应用于 MOGAD。