A focal stimulus (object, end state, outcome, event, experience, characteristic, possibility, etc.) may represent a presence, an occurrence, or something, or it may represent an absence, a nonoccurrence, or nothing. This presence-absence distinction has received extensive and explicit attention in cognitive psychology (it is the central figure), but it has received minimal and primarily implicit attention in motivation science (it is the ground, not the figure). Herein, we explicitly place the presence-absence distinction in the role of figure in a motivational account of behavior, and we do so in the context of the foundational approach-avoidance motivation distinction. We review pertinent literature in cognitive psychology and motivation science, and we provide a model integrating the approach-avoidance and the presence-absence distinctions, along with numerous examples, illustrations, and observations. We believe that attending to the presence-absence distinction in motivation science holds great promise for theory, research, and application, and we encourage researchers to attend to this distinction moving forward. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

中文翻译：

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动机科学中存在与不存在的区别（不存在）。


焦点刺激（对象、最终状态、结果、事件、经验、特征、可能性等）可能代表存在、发生或某事，也可能代表不存在、不发生或什么都没有。这种存在与缺席的区别在认知心理学中受到了广泛而明确的关注（它是中心人物），但在动机科学中它受到的关注很少且主要是隐性的（它是基础，而不是人物）。在这里，我们明确地将存在与不存在的区别放在行为动机解释中的人物角色中，并且我们在基本的接近-回避动机区别的背景下这样做。我们回顾了认知心理学和动机科学的相关文献，并提供了一个整合了接近-回避和存在-缺席区别的模型，以及大量的例子、插图和观察。我们相信，关注动机科学中存在与不存在的区别对于理论、研究和应用来说具有巨大的前景，我们鼓励研究人员继续关注这种区别。 （PsycInfo 数据库记录 (c) 2024 APA，保留所有权利）。