Copper, an essential micronutrient in crustaceans, plays vital roles in enzymatic processes, oxygen transport, pigmentation, and structural protein synthesis, including collagen and elastin. Recent research has elucidated its pivotal role in innate immunity of crustaceans, enhancing the immune response by promoting phagocytic activity, antimicrobial peptide production, and modulation of immune gene expression. Copper ions exhibit antimicrobial effects by disrupting cell membranes and inhibiting microbial proliferation. Furthermore, copper governs antioxidant defense mechanisms, protecting crustaceans against oxidative stress and infection. However, excessive copper can lead to toxicity, highlighting the need for strict maintenance of copper homeostasis. This review explores the complex processes of copper homeostasis in crustaceans, detailing transport mechanisms, storage proteins, and detoxification pathways. It emphasizes copper's critical physiological and immunological functions, contributing to a comprehensive understanding of its multifaceted roles in crustaceans and laying groundwork for further exploration of copper homeostasis as a strategy for boosting crustacean immunity. Aquaculture practices significantly influence copper levels in crustaceans. Effective copper management, including monitoring techniques, water treatment strategies, and regulatory frameworks, is crucial for both crustacean welfare and environmental sustainability.

中文翻译：

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铜稳态及其对甲壳类动物先天免疫的影响


铜是甲壳类动物必需的微量营养素，在酶促过程、氧运输、色素沉着和结构蛋白合成（包括胶原蛋白和弹性蛋白）中发挥着至关重要的作用。最近的研究阐明了其在甲壳类动物先天免疫中的关键作用，通过促进吞噬细胞活性、抗菌肽产生和调节免疫基因表达来增强免疫反应。铜离子通过破坏细胞膜和抑制微生物增殖而表现出抗菌作用。此外，铜控制抗氧化防御机制，保护甲壳类动物免受氧化应激和感染。然而，过量的铜会导致毒性，凸显了严格维持铜稳态的必要性。这篇综述探讨了甲壳类动物铜稳态的复杂过程，详细介绍了运输机制、储存蛋白和解毒途径。它强调了铜的关键生理和免疫功能，有助于全面了解其在甲壳类动物中的多方面作用，并为进一步探索铜稳态作为增强甲壳类免疫力的策略奠定基础。水产养殖方式显着影响甲壳类动物的铜含量。有效的铜管理，包括监测技术、水处理策略和监管框架，对于甲壳动物福利和环境可持续性至关重要。