Probing Topological Thermal Flux in Equilibrium Using Electron Beams,Physical Review Letters

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Probing Topological Thermal Flux in Equilibrium Using Electron Beams
Physical Review Letters ( IF 8.1 ) Pub Date : 2024-09-12 , DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.133.113805
Jie Ma ₁ , Hongxing Xu _{2,

3} , Deng Pan _{1,

3}

Affiliation

Near nonreciprocal media at finite temperature, fluctuating near fields exhibit imbalanced thermal populations in opposite directions, generating equilibrium topological thermal fluxes that circulate the media. While the existence of these fluxes remains unconfirmed, we propose exploiting their interaction with free electron beams for detection. We establish a general framework to quantify thermal flux at any location near an object of arbitrary shape. This reveals unexplored properties of thermal flux spectra depending on their orientation. Further, we connect the electron scattering rate to the equilibrium thermal flux. As a specific example, electrons encountering a planar surface’s perpendicular thermal flux preferentially scatter transversely. This measurable scattering distribution, i.e., via angle-resolved electron microscopy, allows us to recover the thermal flux spectrum. Additionally, electron interactions with equilibrium thermal fluxes surrounding local structures offer a novel approach to generating electron vortex beams.

中文翻译：

使用电子束探测平衡状态下的拓扑热通量

在有限温度下的近不可逆介质中，波动的近场表现出相反方向的不平衡热总体，产生使介质循环的平衡拓扑热通量。虽然这些通量的存在尚未得到证实，但我们建议利用它们与自由电子束的相互作用进行检测。我们建立了一个通用框架来量化任意形状物体附近任何位置的热通量。这揭示了热通量谱的未探索特性，取决于它们的方向。此外，我们将电子散射率与平衡热通量联系起来。作为一个具体示例，遇到平面的垂直热通量的电子优先横向散射。这种可测量的散射分布，即通过角分辨电子显微镜，使我们能够恢复热通量谱。此外，电子与局部结构周围的平衡热通量的相互作用提供了一种产生电子涡流束的新方法。

更新日期：2024-09-12

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