This article discusses definitions of the effect of vaccines across outcomes of interest, from individual level to contacts of vaccinated people to population level. The focus is on the outcome evaluated in an observational study on the effectiveness of mpox vaccine in the context of potential outcomes that could have been measured. When evaluating how well a vaccine works, two categories of outcomes are of interest: infection related outcomes, sometimes referred to as infection blocking effects of vaccines, and disease related outcomes, often referred to as symptomatic disease, morbidity, or mortality outcomes.1 These two categories can then be further divided to reflect those in whom the outcomes are measured: the individual who received the vaccine (direct effects), among contacts of the person who received the vaccine (indirect effects), or at population level (herd immunity).2 Direct effects of a vaccine include reducing the chances of a vaccinated individual becoming infected if exposed to the pathogen (ie, reduced susceptibility) and disease related outcomes despite acquiring infection.1 For some infectious diseases, the direct, protective effect of a vaccine against infection is the primary goal, such as with rabies, whereas for many the added downstream benefit of a …

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衡量疫苗效果的指标


本文讨论了疫苗对感兴趣结果的影响的定义，从个体水平到接种疫苗人群的接触者再到人口水平。重点是在一项观察性研究中评估的结果，该研究是在可测量的潜在结果的背景下对 MPOX 疫苗的有效性进行评估的。在评估疫苗的效果时，需要关注两类结果：感染相关结果，有时称为疫苗的感染阻断效果，以及疾病相关结果，通常称为症状性疾病、发病率或死亡率结果。1然后可以进一步划分两类，以反映结果的衡量对象：接受疫苗的个人（直接影响）、接受疫苗的人的接触者（间接影响）或人口水平（群体免疫） .2 疫苗的直接作用包括减少接种疫苗的个体在接触病原体时被感染的机会（即降低易感性）以及尽管感染后仍会出现与疾病相关的结果。1 对于某些传染病，疫苗的直接保护作用预防感染是主要目标，例如狂犬病，而对于许多人来说，……的额外下游好处